Table 1.
Ingredients and chemical compositions of the experimental diets.
| Items | House Cricket Meal | Silkworm Pupae Meal | Groups | AAFCO 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | House Cricket Inclusion | Silkworm Pupae Inclusion | ||||||
| 10% | 20% | 7% | 14% | |||||
| Ingredients (%) | ||||||||
| Corn | - | - | 50.1 | 48.1 | 46.2 | 48.7 | 47.2 | - |
| Soybean meal | - | - | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | - |
| Wheat flour | - | - | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | - |
| Poultry meal | - | - | 17.4 | 10.0 | 2.51 | 13.3 | 9.10 | - |
| House cricket meal | - | - | - | 10.0 | 20.0 | - | - | - |
| Mulberry silkworm pupae meal | - | - | - | - | - | 7.00 | 14.0 | - |
| Palm oil | - | - | 5.72 | 5.09 | 4.44 | 4.01 | 2.50 | - |
| Calcium carbonate | - | - | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.95 | - |
| Salt | - | - | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | - |
| Vitamin premix 2 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | - |
| Mineral premix 3 | - | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | - |
| Choline chloride | - | - | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | - |
| Calculated composition (%DM) | ||||||||
| Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 4 | - | - | 3700 | 3700 | 3700 | 3700 | 3700 | - |
| Crude protein 5 | - | - | 23.5 (23.5) | 23.5 (25.3) | 23.5 (26.9) | 23.5 (24.5) | 23.5 (25.4) | 18.0 |
| Crude fat | - | - | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 5.50 |
| NFE 6 | - | - | 57.2 | 57.1 | 57.1 | 57.4 | 57.6 | - |
| Crude fibre | - | - | 2.67 | 3.30 | 3.93 | 2.76 | 2.85 | - |
| Ash | - | - | 6.03 | 5.32 | 4.61 | 5.77 | 5.52 | - |
| Methionine | - | - | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.33 |
| Cystein | - | - | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.31 | - |
| Methionine + cystein | - | - | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.65 |
| Lysine | - | - | 1.13 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 0.63 |
| Calcium (Ca) | - | - | 0.94 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.50 |
| Phosphorus (P) | - | - | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.40 |
| Ca/P ratio | - | - | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.00–2.00 |
| Analyzed composition (%DM) | ||||||||
| Dry matter | 94.1 | 94.0 | 79.3 | 78.8 | 70.5 | 84.7 | 77.1 | - |
| Crude protein 7 | 54.4 | 43.8 | 25.3 | 26.4 | 29.2 | 25.0 | 25.7 | 18.0 |
| Crude fat | 16.7 | 30.1 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 5.50 |
| Crude fibre | 8.53 | 3.24 | 1.89 | 2.45 | 3.97 | 2.02 | 2.30 | - |
| Ash | 5.82 | 4.30 | 5.16 | 4.08 | 3.78 | 4.78 | 4.79 | - |
1 Association of American Feed Control Officials 2021 dog food nutrient profiles based on dry matter recommendations for adult maintenance [14]. 2 Vitamin premix (Feed specialties Co., Ltd.; Pathumthani, Thailand) was supplied per kilogram of diets at 2,500,000 IU of vitamin A; 1,000,000 IU of vitamin D3; 7000 IU of vitamin E; 700 mg of vitamin K; 400 mg of vitamin B1; 800 mg of vitamin B2; 400 mg of vitamin B6; 4 mg of vitamin B12; 30 mg of biotin; 3111 mg of Ca pantothenate acid; 100 mg of folic acid; 15,000 mg of vitamin C; 5600 mg of vitamin B3. 3 Mineral premix (Feed specialties Co., Ltd.; Pathumthani, Thailand) was supplied per kilogram of diets at 10,500 mg of Zn, 10,920 mg of Fe; 9960 mg of Mn; 3850 mg of Cu; 137 mg of I; 70 mg of Se. 4 Modified Atwater values: Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) = (Protein × 3.5) + (Fat × 8.5) + (Carbohydrate × 3.5). 5 Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor at 4.76 or 6.25 was used for the insect meal and other ingredients in feed formulation, respectively [16]. The number in the blanket represented the crude protein, which was calculated from the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor at 6.25 for all ingredients. 6 Nitrogen-free extract. 7 Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor for analyzed composition was used at 6.25.