Table 2.

Stimulators of EBV Reactivation.

Factor	Mechanism	Reference
KLF4, BLIMP1	Stimulates LMP1, then works with LMP1 to activate BZLF1 and BRLF1 expression	[127,128,129]
BCR signaling	Stimulates EBV reactivation	[130]
PI3K signaling	Stimulates BZLF1 promoter	[139]
IRF8	Influences caspase activity and KAP1 cleavage	[141]
Chaetocin	Stimulates ROS production	[143]
EBV upregulation of NADPH oxidase genes	Stimulates ROS production	[146]
NRF2 upregulation	Prevents ROS-mediated cell death	[146]
LMP1	Stimulates ROS production	[146]
LMP1 and LMP2A	Promote NRF2 production and translocation to nucleus	[147]
AKT	Involved in LMP1/LMP2A/NRF2 signaling	[148]
miRNA-18a	Stimulates transition from G1 to S phase	[148]
Hypoxia	Stimulates reactivation	[148]
Mycophenolate mofetil (immunosuppressant)	Impairs Vδ2+ T cell recovery	[155]
Syphilis	Cross-links TLR2 and BCR	[157]
HPV	E6 and E7 ** stimulates reactivation	[158,159]
As2O3 *	Stimulates BZLF1 transcription	[166,167]
Radiation	Induces BZLF1 and BLLF	[168]

* Conflicting evidence. ** E7 inhibited reactivation in immortalized keratinocytes.