Figure 1.

The VHL–HIF pathway and advances in treatments for metastatic ccRCC. Abbreviations: ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; HIF, hopoxia-inducible factor; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-1i, PD-1 inhibitor; PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1; PD-L1i, PD-L1 inhibitor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TME, tumor microenvironment; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFi, VEGF inhibitor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; VHL, von Hippel Lindau.