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. 2021 Sep 15;22(18):9972. doi: 10.3390/ijms22189972

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Process of autophagy. Autophagy is initiated by post-translational modifications in ULK1 or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) complex. Autophagosomes elongation and maturation are catalyzed by ATG12 and ATG8 system, respectively. Formation of LC3-II occurs by proteolytic cleavage of pro-LC3 to LC3-I by ATG4, and then conjugation of LC3 family members to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the surface of autophagosomes catalyzed by ATG7 and ATG3. Formed LC3B-II is a marker of autophagosomes. Mature autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosomes, which degrade cargo to amino acids, fatty acids or nucleotides that can be reused by cells. Created with BioRender.com. Adapted from “Autophagy In Cancer Pathways”, by BioRender.com (2021) (accessed on 1 September 2021). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates. accessed on 1 September 2021) [209].