Table 1.

Common infectious causes of uveitis and ME (in alphabetical order) along with treatment options.

Pathogen	Examples of Treatment Regimens
Bartonella sp.	Treatment remains controversial. Doxycycline 100 mg bid, alone or in combination with rifampin 300 mg bid; fluoroquinolones; or macrolides + steroids (e.g., Prednisolone 60 mg/day). Treatment should continue for a few weeks [5].
Borrelia sp.	Oral doxycycline 100 mg bid or intravenous ceftriaxone 1 g/day + steroids (e.g., oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day) [6].
Herpes sp.	Oral Valacyclovir 1–3 g/day or acyclovir 5 × 800 mg/day + intravitreal foscarnet 2.4 mg/0.1 mL twice weekly [7].
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Multidrug therapy with four drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) according to the country’s health policy [8].
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)	Intravenous aqueous penicillin G 18–24 MU/day every 4 h for 10–14 days + oral or intravenous steroids [9].
Toxocara sp.	Poor visual outcomes are common despite treatment: albendazole + steroids or vitrectomy in severe cases [10].
Toxoplasma sp.	Oral six-week course of clindamycin, pyrimethamine “ sulfadiazine, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole + a tapering course of oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg) [11].