Table 4.
Summary of recent findings regarding polymeric nanoparticle systems for the oral delivery of Salmonella antigens in poultry.
| Antigen Delivery System | Findings |
|---|---|
| A Salmonella subunit Chitosan nanoparticle vaccine synthesized to contain S. enteritidis OMPs and flagellin protein combined with a flagellin surface coating | Biocompatible with chickens, average size optimal for DCs uptake, and stable at highly acidic pH environment over a long period of time |
| Can adhere to mucosal surface and are uptaken by ileal PPs and lamina propria immune cells | |
| Can induce significantly higher antigen specific mucosal IgA production | |
| Have also shown to significantly increased levels of antigen-specific IgY | |
| Can significantly enhance the rapid proliferation of OMPs and flagellin-specific lymphocytes | |
| Can increase significant levels of iNOS, TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7, TLR-15, TLR-21 and IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGF-β mRNA expression in immunized birds | |
| Can significantly decrease Salmonella colonization in broilers and layers when administered using either an individual oral gavage, via water, feed, or through in ovo delivery | |
| Numerically reduced the S. heidelberg loads in the liver and spleen of vaccinated broilers | |
| Mannose modification of the CNP can reduce the S. enteritidis cecal load | |
| A Salmonella subunit PVM/MA nanoparticle vaccine synthesized to contain S. enteritidis OMPs and flagellin protein combined with a flagellin surface coating | Biocompatible with chickens |
| Average size optimal for DCs uptake | |
| Stable over a range of acidic and alkaline environments for 3 h | |
| Mucoadhesive and immunogenic compared to unloaded proteins and non-immunized controls | |
| Enhanced levels of mucosal IgA, TLR-4 and CD8+/CD4+ ratio in the cecal tonsils of immunized birds | |
| Cecal colonization by a homologous challenge was reduced in 33% of vaccinated birds | |
| A Salmonella PVM/MA nanoparticle vaccine that is synthesized to contain a heat extract fraction of the cell surface of S. enteritidis | Biocompatible with chickens |
| Average size optimal for DCs uptake | |
| High stability in tap water and acidic and basic pH | |
| Can significantly reduce the excretion of S. enteritidis | |
| Numerically reduced the percentages of S. enteritidis in cecum, liver, and spleen of the immunized hens | |
| Possible mechanism is chiefly promoting an early proinflammatory Th1 cell response and late anti-inflammatory Th2 response |