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. 2021 Aug 25;10(9):1345. doi: 10.3390/antiox10091345

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect of ursolic acid (UA), and C. carandas sequentially extracted using n-hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and 95% ethanol (EtOH), respectively, on NF-κB protein expressions in U937 cells (a), IL-6 (b) and TNF-α (c) secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. Various C. carandas extracts included n-hexane extracts from fruit (HF), leaf (HL), seed (HS), and pulp (HP); ethyl acetate extracts from fruit (AF), leaf (AL), seed (AS), and pulp (AP); ethanolic extracts from fruit (EF), leaf (EL), seed (ES), and pulp (EP). Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as vehicle control (VC). Indomethacin (IN) and dexamethasone (Dex) were used as reference standard. The letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h denote significant difference among different C. carandas extracts (p < 0.05) after being analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test.