Table 2.
Phenolic compounds from macroalgae with antioxidant activity.
| Compound | Isolation Source | Assay/Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Symphyocladia latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 14.0 μM | [74] |
| 2 |
Gloiopeltis furcata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Gigartinales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 86.2 μΜ ONOO− scavenging: 4.58 ± 0.01 μM |
[75] |
| 3 |
Rhodomela confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 1.60 ± 0.04 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 50.6 ± 0.2 μM |
[76] |
| 4 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 1.56 ± 0.02 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 42.3 ± 0.2 μM; 67% |
[76,77] |
| 5 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
bleomycin-dependent DNA damage deoxyribose assay | [78] |
| 6 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 1.62 ± 0.03 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 40.5 ± 0.2 μM; 30% |
[76,77] |
| 7 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 15.5 μM | [74] |
| 8 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 7.5 µM | [79] |
| 9 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 1.36 ± 0.01 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 38.4 ± 0.2 μM |
[76] |
| 10 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 2.11 ± 0.04 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 7.43 ± 0.10 μM |
[76] |
| 11 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 1.87 ± 0.02 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 20.5 ± 0.1 μM |
[76] |
| 12 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 71.0 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 14.4; 18.5 μM CUPRAC Fe2+ chelation: IC50 = 44.7 μM FRAP AChE inhibition: IC50 = 13.85 nM BChE inhibition: IC50 = 38.22 nM |
[74,80] |
| 13 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 8.07 μM; TEAC = 2.68 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 12.4; 15.9 μM CUPRAC Fe2+ chelation: IC50 = 65.2 μM FRAP AChE inhibition: IC50 = 17.10 nM BChE inhibition: IC50 = 40.57 nM |
[80,81] |
| 14 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 8.1 μM; TEAC = 2.21 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 14.6; 18.5 μM CUPRAC Fe2+ chelation: IC50 = 54.6 μM FRAP AChE inhibition: IC50 = 29.88 nM BChE inhibition: IC50 = 46.51 nM |
[80,81] |
| 15 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.31 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 5.43 μM |
[81] |
| 16 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.14 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 5.70 μM |
[81] |
| 17 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 27.9 μM | [82] |
| 18 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 4.37 ± 0.24 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 3.82 ± 0.01 μM |
[83] |
| 19 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.06 ± 0.08 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 9.52 ± 0.04 μM |
[76] |
| 20 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 24.0 μM | [74] |
| 21 |
Polysiphonia morrowii, Polysiphonia urceolata, R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 20.3 μM cytoprotective effect against cellular oxidative stress HO-1 activity and expression in keratinocytes Nrf2 expression Nrf2 nuclear translocation |
[84,85] |
| 22 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 1.32 ± 0.02 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 58.2 ± 0.4 μM |
[76] |
| 23 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 35.8 μM | [84] |
| 24 |
R. confervoides, Vertebrata lanosa (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 1.09 ± 0.01 mM CAA CLPAA DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 32.0 ± 0.1 μM ORAC |
[76,86] |
| 25 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 24.7 μM | [74] |
| 26 |
Cladophora wrightiana (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae, Cladophorales) |
DPPH scavenging: 69% at 160 μM OH scavenging O2− scavenging protective effect against UVB-induced apoptosis and DNA damage in HaCaT cells scavenging activity against H2O2- or UVB-generated intracellular ROS in HaCaT cells |
[87] |
| 27 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 1.86 ± 0.02 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 50.3 ± 0.3 μM |
[76] |
| 28 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.11 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 23.6 μM |
[81] |
| 29 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 1.98 ± 0.01 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 30.9 ± 0.1 μM |
[76] |
| 30 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.35 ± 0.02 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 26.3 ± 0.2 μM |
[76] |
| 31 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.87 ± 0.11 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 19.8 ± 0.1 μM |
[76] |
| 32 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.07 ± 0.12 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 30.2 ± 0.2 μM |
[76] |
| 33 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 16.1 ± 0.1 μM | [88] |
| 34 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.36 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 20.8 μM |
[81] |
| 35 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.11 ± 0.11 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 18.6 ± 0.1 μM |
[76] |
| 36 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 1.63 ± 0.01 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 50.9 ± 0.3 μM |
[76] |
| 37 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.68 ± 0.12 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.72 ± 0.05 μM |
[76] |
| 38 |
P. urceolata, R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.10 ± 0.13 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 9.40 ± 0.05; 9.67 ± 0.04 μM |
[76,88] |
| 39 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.45 ± 0.12 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 7.62 ± 0.01 μM |
[76] |
| 40 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 43.8 μM | [82] |
| 41 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.5 µM | [79] |
| 42 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.87 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 5.22 μM |
[81] |
| 43 |
Odonthalia corymbifera (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 17.3 ± 0.1 μM Cu2+-chelation: IC50 = 61.9 ± 0.1 μM CUPRAC: ECA0.50 = 13.6 ± 0.1 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 24.7 ± 0.0 μM FRAP: ECA0.50 = 11.1 ± 0.1 μM tyrosinase inhibition: IC50 = 17.3 ± 0.1 μM |
[89] |
| 44 |
P. morrowii (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
LPS-induced ROS generation and ROS-mediated ERK signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [90] |
| 45 |
R. confervoides, V. lanosa (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.05 mM CAA CLPAA DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 17.6 μM ORAC |
[81,86] |
| 46 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.5 μM | [74] |
| 47 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.18 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 16.9 μM; 27% |
[77,81] |
| 48 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.1 μM | [74] |
| 49 |
Avrainvillea sp. (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae, Bryopsidales) |
DPPH scavenging: strong exogenous ROS scavenging in TPA-treated HL-60 cells (DCFH-DA): IC50 = 6.1 μM |
[91] |
| 50 |
R. confervoides, V. lanosa (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.16 mM CAA CLPAA DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 19.6 μM ORAC |
[81,86] |
| 51 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.00 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 14.3 μM |
[81] |
| 52 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 2.78 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 13.8 μM |
[81] |
| 53 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: ΙC50 = 10.5 μM | [74] |
| 54 |
O. corymbifera (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 6.7 ± 0.1 μM Cu2+-chelation: IC50 = 74.3 ± 0.1 μM CUPRAC: ECA0.50 = 7.8 ± 0.1 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 13.5 ± 0.0 μM FRAP: ECA0.50 = 10.8 ± 0.1 μM tyrosinase inhibition: ΙC50 = 31.0 ± 0.1 μM |
[90] |
| 55 |
V. lanosa (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
CAA CLPAA ORAC |
[86] |
| 56 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.21 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 13.6 μM |
[81] |
| 57 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 19.6 ± 0.1 μM | [88] |
| 58 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 21.9 ± 0.1 μM | [88] |
| 59 |
S. latiuscula (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 10.2 μM | [74] |
| 60 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.1 μM | [84] |
| 61 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 15.1 μM | [84] |
| 62 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 6.8 μM | [84] |
| 63 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 6.1 μM | [84] |
| 64 |
P. urceolata (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 7.9 μM | [92] |
| 65 |
R. confervoides (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: TEAC = 3.58 mM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.90 μM |
[81] |
| 66 |
Sargassum wightii, Sargassum tenerrimum, Turbinaria conoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) Ishige okamurae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Ishigeales) Ecklonia cava (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
alkyl scavenging: IC50 = 103.5 ± 1.9 μM DPPH scavenging: 64.71–71.07% at 200 μg/mL H2O2 scavenging: 88.33–89.7% at 200 μg/mL OH scavenging: IC50 = 392.5 ± 2.8; 408.5 ± 3.7 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 115.2 ± 2.5; 124.7 ± 2.4 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 128.9 ± 2.2 μM metal chelating activity: 11.40–14.38% at 200 μg/mL H2O2-induced apoptosis, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation in HaCaT keratinocytes intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages/V79-4 cells Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes |
[93,94,95,96,97] |
| 67 |
Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Gracilariales) |
DPPH scavenging: 83.8 ± 2.6% XO inhibition: 64.7 ± 0.7% |
[98] |
| 68 |
Sargassum micracanthum (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 47 μM | [99] |
| 69 |
E. cava (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in V79-4 cells | [100] |
| 70 |
Ishige foliacea (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Ishigeales) |
enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, GPx) intracellular ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in HUVEC/pancreatic β cells oxidative stress-induced cell death in zebrafish embryo streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β cell damage in rat insulinoma cell line |
[101,102] |
| 71 |
E. cava, Ecklonia kurome, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 11.5; 22.9 ± 0.52; 26 µM OH scavenging: IC50 = 51.8 ± 2.5 µM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 26.5 ± 1.25; 107 µM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 28.4 ± 1.5 µM inhibitory effect on total ROS: IC50 = 4.04 ± 0.04 µM cellular membrane protein oxidation in RAW 264.7 macrophages GSH levels in HepG2 cells/RAW 264.7 macrophages HO-1 expression H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in V79-4 cells intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) and oxidative stress induced cell damage in lung fibroblast cells MPO activity in HL60 cells Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activation PM10 (particulate matter of less than 10 mm) -induced lipid peroxidation and cytokine expression in human epidermal keratinocytes |
[95,103,104,105,106,107,108] |
| 72 |
E. stolonifera (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.8 ± 0.4 μM intracellular ROS scavenging |
[109] |
| 73 |
I. okamurae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Ishigeales) |
alkyl scavenging: IC50 = 18.8 ± 1.2 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 10.5 ± 0.5 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 27.1 ± 0.9 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 16.7 ± 0.6 μM H2O2-induced oxidative stress-induced ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in murine hippocampal neuronal cells intracellular Ca2+ level lipid peroxidation assay (TBARS) membrane protein oxidation MPO activity PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter ≤2.5 μm) -induced ROS generation in human keratinocytes PM2.5-induced DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis via MAPK signaling pathways |
[97,110,111] |
| 74 |
E. cava (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 18.6 ± 1.0 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 39.6± 2.1 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 21.9 ± 1.8 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 22.7 ± 1.5 μM cellular membrane protein oxidation in RAW 264.7 cells GSH levels in RAW 264.7 cells intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) MPO activity in HL60 cells |
[95] |
| 75 |
E. cava, E. kurome, E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 6.2 ± 0.4; 8.28 ± 0.45; 13 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 28.6 ±2.5 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 7.6; 16.2 ±1.0 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 14.5 ±1.8 μM apoptosis in Hep3B cells cellular membrane protein oxidation in RAW 264.7 cells detection of apoptosis-related proteins GSH levels in RAW 264.7 cells intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in RAW 264.7 cells MPO activity in HL60 cells PM10 (particulate matter of less than 10 mm) -induced lipid peroxidation and cytokine expression in human epidermal keratinocytes rotenone-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells |
[95,107,108,109,112,113] |
| 76 |
Fucus spiralis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
DPPH scavenging: Q50 = 0.090 ± 0.002 μmol | [114] |
| 77 |
E. cava (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 0.60; 14.7 ± 1.2 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 3.5 ± 1.55 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 18.6 ± 1.5 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 18.1 ± 1.0 μM cellular membrane protein oxidation in RAW 264.7 cells GSH levels in RAW 264.7 cells intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) intracellular ROS detection in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes MPO activity in HL60 cells |
[95,115,116] |
| 78 |
Fucus vesiculosus (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
DPPH scavenging: ΙC50 = 16.1 ± 1.0 μM O2− scavenging: ΙC50 > 401.6 μM ORAC: 3.3 ± 0.3 units at 1 μg/mL |
[117] |
| 79 |
E. cava, E. kurome, E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
alkyl scavenging: IC50 = 3.9 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 4.7 ± 0.3; 10.3; 12; 17.7 ± 0.8 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 21.4; 39.2± 1.8 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 8.4 μM; IC50 = 21.6 ± 2.2 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 21.4 ± 2.1 μM total ROS generation: IC50 = 3.80 ± 0.09 μM intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages/Vero cells/zebrafish system |
[95,105,108,109,118] |
| 80 |
I. okamurae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Ishigeales) E. cava, E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) Grateloupia elliptica (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Halymeniales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 37.1 ± 2.8 μΜ alkyl scavenging: IC50 = 17.3 ± 1.0 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 8.69 ± 0.35; 9.1 ± 0.4; 28; 66.5 ± 0.5 μΜ OH scavenging: IC50 = 28.7 ± 1.1; 29.7 ± 1.5 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 15.4 ± 0.9; 15.9 ± 1.3 μM ROO scavenging: IC50 = 17.1 ± 2.2 μM singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching: QC50 = 30.7 ± 2.4 μM cellular membrane protein oxidation in RAW 264.7 macrophages GSH levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages high-glucose-induced oxidative stress intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes MPO activity in HL60 cells |
[95,97,119,120,121] |
| 81 |
E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 43.3 ± 2.3 μΜ DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 103.0 ± 3.5 μM singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching: QC50 = 35.7 ± 2.4 μM |
[119] |
| 82 |
E. cava, E. kurome, E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
ABTS+ scavenging: IC50 = 43.4 ± 2.0 μΜ DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 15.0; 95.9 ± 3.2 μΜ O2− scavenging: IC50 = 6.5 μM singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching: QC50 = 49.4 ± 1.7 μM H2O2-induced DNA damage intracellular ROS generation in Vero cells |
[108,119] |
| 83 |
E. bicyclis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 0.86 ± 0.02 μM ONOO− scavenging: 1.80 ± 0.01 μM total ROS: 6.45 ± 0.04 μM |
[122] |
| 84 |
E. cava (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) |
alkyl scavenging: IC50 = 2.07 ± 1.00 μM DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 0.51 μM OH scavenging: IC50 = 75.6μM O2− scavenging: IC50 = 57.2 μM intracellular ROS generation (DCFH-DA) in H2O2-treated Vero cells |
[123] |
| 85 |
F. spiralis (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
DPPH scavenging: Q50 = 0.087 ± 0.004 μmol | [114] |
| 86 |
F. vesiculosus (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
DPPH scavenging: ΙC50 = 19.3 ± 2.7 μM O2− scavenging: ΙC50 > 334.9 μM ORAC: 3.5 ± 0.2 units at 1 μg/mL |
[117] |
| 87 |
F. vesiculosus (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae, Fucales) |
DPPH scavenging: IC50 = 15.8 ± 1.5 μM O2− scavenging: IC50 > 175.6 μM ORAC: 3.2 ± 0.2 units at 1 μg/mL |
[117] |
| 88 |
Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
lipid peroxidation and inhibition of the generation of MDA in rat liver: IC50 = 1.0 × 10−2 μM | [124] |
| 89 |
A. spicifera (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae, Ceramiales) |
lipid peroxidation and inhibition of the generation of MDA in rat liver: IC50 = 1.5 × 10−2 μM | [124] |
ABTS+: 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; AChE: acetylcholinesterase; BChE: butyrylcholinesterase; CAA: cellular antioxidant activity; CAT: catalase; CLPAA: cellular lipid peroxidation antioxidant activity; CUPRAC: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; DCFH-DA: cell-based 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate antioxidant assay; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical; ECA0.50: effective concentration for absorbance of 0.50; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; GSH: glutathione; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; IC50: half maximal inhibitory concentration; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; OH: hydroxyl; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; O2−: superoxide anion; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; Q50: amount of phenolics (in μg) necessary to obtain 50% of inhibition in the DPPH assay; QC50: half maximal quenching concentration; ROO: peroxyl; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SH-SY5Y: human dopaminergic neuronal cell line; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TEAC: trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity; TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate; V79-4: Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line; XO: xanthine oxidase.