Table 1.
Summary of risk factors of Salmonella spp. among poultry farms in the Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang Malaysia (n = 371 samples) by using chi-square analysis.
| Risk Factors | Samples Tested | Affected (%) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.504 | ||
| Young | 187 | 86 (46%) | |
| Adult | 184 | 91 (49.5%) | |
| Management system | 0.478 | ||
| Intensive | 187 | 95 (50.8%) | |
| Semi-intensive | 158 | 70 (44.3%) | |
| Mixed | 26 | 12 (46.2%) | |
| Production system | 0.188 | ||
| Broiler | 212 | 109 (51.4%) | |
| Layer | 53 | 25 (47.2%) | |
| Mixed | 106 | 43 (40.6%) | |
| State | 0.065 | ||
| Kelantan | 158 | 79 (50%) | |
| Terengganu | 80 | 29 (36.3%) | |
| Pahang | 133 | 69 (51.9%) | |
| Districts | 0.010 | ||
| Kelantan | |||
| Bachok | 52 | 29 (55.8%) | |
| Kota Bharu | 26 | 12 (46.2%) | |
| Machang | 28 | 16 (57.1%) | |
| Pasir Mas | 26 | 13 (50%) | |
| Jeli | 26 | 9 (34.6%) | |
| Pahang | |||
| Kuantan | 79 | 50 (63.3%) | |
| Pekan | 54 | 19 (35.2%) | |
| Terengganu | |||
| Kuala Terengganu | 26 | 8 (30.8%) | |
| Marang | 54 | 21 (38.9%) | |
| Sample source | 0.007 | ||
| Cloaca swab | 259 | 120 (46.3%) | |
| Fecal Sample | 84 | 50 (59.5%) | |
| Sewage | 14 | 5 (35.7%) | |
| Tap Water | 14 | 2 (14.3%) | |
| Farm size | 0.098 | ||
| Small | 104 | 50 (48.1%) | |
| Medium | 187 | 97 (51.9%) | |
| Large | 80 | 30 (37.5%) | |
| Origin of the poultry | 0.113 | ||
| Local | 26 | 12 (46.2%) | |
| Imported | 133 | 73 (54.9%) | |
| Both | 212 | 92 (43.4%) | |
| Sewage system | 0.021 | ||
| Excellent | 109 | 64 (58.7%) | |
| Good | 210 | 92 (43.8%) | |
| Poor | 52 | 21 (40.4%) | |
| Water Source | 0.013 | ||
| Surface water | 106 | 38 (35.8%) | |
| Bond water | 133 | 72 (54.1%) | |
| Pump water | 132 | 67 (50.8%) |