Table 2.
Comparison of FGF21, galectin-3, copeptin and echocardiographic parameters between the studied groups.
| All DM Samples (n = 69) |
DM without HFpEF (n1 = 29) |
DM with HFpEF (n2 = 40) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FGF21, pg/mL (a) | 221.72 ± 2.01 | 146.79 ± 1.76 | 298.98 ± 1.90 | <0.001 *,(d) |
| Gal-3, ng/mL (b) | 11.91 ± 1.52 | 11.66 ± 1.71 | 12.10 ± 1.36 | 0.239 |
| Copeptin, pg/mL (a) | 321.04 ± 2.55 | 348.35 ± 2.84 | 302.59 ± 2.36 | 0.541 (d) |
| LV ejection fraction, % (b) | 54 [51, 59] | 57 [54, 61] | 53 [50, 55] | 0.001 * |
| LV EDV, ml (c) | 108 [90, 126] | 103 [89, 112] | 116 [94.25, 138.20] | 0.061 |
| LV ESV, ml (b) | 50.4 ± 20.6 | 43.4 ± 17.2 | 55.5 ± 21.6 | 0.014 * |
| LVDd, mm (b) | 49.8 ± 5.1 | 50.3 ± 4.6 | 49.5 ± 5.5 | 0.539 |
| LVSd, mm (b) | 29.0 ± 6.4 | 28.3 ± 6.2 | 29.6 ± 6.6 | 0.425 |
| IVST, mm (b) | 12.3 ± 1.7 | 12.2 ± 1.7 | 12.3 ± 1.6 | 0.886 |
| PWT, mm (b) | 12.0 ± 1.6 | 11.8 ± 1.8 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 0.355 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 (c) | 30.0 [25.6, 35.0] | 27.3 [24.0, 29.8] | 32.31 [28.1, 41.3] | 0.001 * |
| LA surface, cm2 (b) | 22.9 ± 6.8 | 19.3 ± 4.3 | 25.5 ± 7.2 | <0.001 * |
| E wave velocity, m/s (b) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.002 * |
| A wave velocity, m/s (b) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.111 |
| Mitral E/A ratio (b) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.722 |
| TDE, msec (b) | 217.8 ± 39.9 | 230.8 ± 33.5 | 208.4 ± 41.9 | 0.020 * |
| Septal e’ velocity, cm/s (b) | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 1.2 | <0.001 * |
| Lateral e’ velocity, cm/s (b) | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 * |
| E/e’ mean ratio (b) | 10.7 ± 3.9 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 12.37 ± 3.9 | <0.001 * |
| Relative wall thickness (b) | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.058 |
| TR velocity, m/s (b) | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.06 ± 0.42 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | <0.001 * |
| PASP, mmHg (b) | 30.6 ± 15.6 | 21.7 ± 7.9 | 37.1 ± 16.6 | <0.001 * |
Data are presented as (a) geometric mean ± geometric standard deviation or (b) arithmetic mean ± sample standard deviation or (c) median [25th percentile; 75th percentile], p-values were obtained from Student-t tests for independent groups or Mann-Whitney U test; (d) Student-t test applied on log-transformed data; * significant results (p < 0.05); DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; LVEDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume. LVEDP = left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LA = left atrial, IVST interventricular septum thickness s, PWT = posterior wall thickness, LV = left ventricular, LVDd = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVSd = left ventricular end-systolic dimension, TDE = deceleration time, TR velocity = tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity, PASP= pulmonary artery systolic pressure FGF21-fibroblast growth factor; Gal-3 = galectin-3; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.