Table 3.
The risk of progression to next grade at 6 year visits by Cox proportional hazard model.
| Crude-HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted-HR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial grade | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| No DR | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mild NPDR | 2.00 (1.72–2.32) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.68–2.27) | <0.001 |
| Moderate NPDR | 1.82 (1.58–2.09) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.50–1.99) | <0.001 |
| Severe NPDR | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 0.223 | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.082 |
| Basic characteristics | ||||
| Gender | 0.019 | 0.042 | ||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 0.019 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 0.042 |
| Age | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.076 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.275 |
| Height | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.057 | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.095 |
| Weight | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.474 | 1.08 (0.97–1.22) | 0.169 |
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.876 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.802 |
| SBP | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.309 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.542 |
| DBP | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.201 | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.287 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 0.087 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.197 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 0.417 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 0.319 |
| Stroke | 1.15 (0.97–1.35) | 0.104 | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 0.203 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 0.043 | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 0.311 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| HbA1c | 1.13 (1.08–1.20) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.173 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.302 |
| Triglyceride | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.784 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.343 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.966 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.537 |
| LDL cholesterol | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.682 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.821 |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.101 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.458 |
| Creatinine | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 0.061 | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | 0.568 |
| ALT | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.005 | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.003 |
| Hemoglobin | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.001 |
| White blood cell | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.022 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.159 |
| Platelets | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.037 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.199 |
All result of Adjusted HR were adjusted by initial DR, gender, age, BMI, HbA1c; the continuous variables are standardized by mean and standard deviation; therefore, the units of each continuous variable were 1 standard deviation; HR = hazard ratios, CI = confidence interval, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, LDL =low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, and ALT = alanine aminotransferase.