Table 4.
The risk of progression to PDR at 6 year visits by Cox proportional hazard model.
| Crude-HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted-HR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial grade | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| No DR | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mild NPDR | 13.83 (6.19–30.93) | <0.001 | 13.58 (6.07–30.39) | <0.001 |
| Moderate NPDR | 25.06 (11.61–54.08) | <0.001 | 23.09 (10.68–49.91) | <0.001 |
| Severe NPDR | 62.29 (28.87–134.40) | <0.001 | 55.24 (25.54–119.46) | <0.001 |
| Basic characteristics | ||||
| Gender | 0.422 | 0.750 | ||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 0.422 | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 0.750 |
| Age | 0.67 (0.60–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.63–0.84) | <0.001 |
| Height | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 0.522 | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.671 |
| Weight | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.789 | 0.93 (0.71–1.20) | 0.569 |
| Body mass index | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.470 | 0.91 (0.79–1.03) | 0.146 |
| SBP | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 0.137 | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 0.111 |
| DBP | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.001 | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.038 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.18 (0.91–1.54) | 0.210 | 1.11 (0.86–1.45) | 0.421 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) | 0.414 | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 0.498 |
| Stroke | 1.61 (1.16–2.25) | 0.005 | 1.72 (1.23–2.40) | 0.001 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 1.45 (0.95–2.21) | 0.087 | 1.15 (0.75–1.78) | 0.519 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| HbA1c | 1.30 (1.16–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.164 |
| Fasting glucose | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 0.032 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.263 |
| Triglyceride | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.397 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.878 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.916 | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.305 |
| LDL | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 0.963 | 0.89 (0.78–1.03) | 0.120 |
| HDL | 0.84 (0.74–0.97) | 0.017 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.069 |
| Creatinine | 1.17 (1.05–1.29) | 0.003 | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 0.062 |
| ALT | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.285 | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.425 |
| Hemoglobin | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.008 |
| White blood cell | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.148 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.686 |
| Platelets | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) | 0.033 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.493 |
All result of adjusted-HR were adjusted by initial DR, gender, age, BMI, and HbA1c; the continuous variables are standardized by mean and standard deviation; therefore, the units of each continuous variable were 1 standard deviation; HR = hazard ratios, CI = confidence interval, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, and ALT = alanine aminotransferase.