Table 1.
Effect of probiotic supplementations in AD-like animal models and human patients.
| Model System | Probiotic Supplementation | Pathological Signature | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| amyloid (1–42) injected rats | L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, B. lactis, and B. longum | Prevented learning and memory impairment and decreased the number and size of plaques | [140] |
| amyloid (1–42) injected rats | L. acidophilus, B. bifidum and B. longum | Restored the hippocampus dependent spatial memory and synaptic plasticity damaged | [141] |
| 3xTg-AD transgenic mice | SLAB51 | Counteracted cognitive decline and brain damage, increased gut hormone concentration, restored impaired proteasome activities, modulated the autophagic flux and reduced oxidative stress | [142,143] |
| D-galactose treated rats | oligosaccharide extracted from Morinda officinalis | Attenuated learning and memory deficits, increased antioxidant activity and acetylcholine levels | [144] |
| AD patients | L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, and B. bifidum | Improved cognitive functions and metabolic status, reduced markers of insulin metabolism and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL | [148] |
| AD patients | L. casei W56, L. lactis W19, L. acidophilus W22, B. lactis W52, L. paracasei W20, L. plantarum W62, B. lactis W51, B. bifidum W23 and L. salivarius W24 | Enhanced serum kynurenine concentrations | [149] |