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. 2021 Sep 3;10(9):2312. doi: 10.3390/cells10092312

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of NOXs during HCC development. NOX1 and NOX4 play opposite roles in hepatocytes and liver tumor cells. While NOX4 induces cytostasis, NOX1 mediates proliferative and survival signals. NOX1 also mediates activation of macrophages to pro-inflammatory macrophages, promoting inflammatory cytokines secretion. NOX2 promotes M2 macrophage polarization and superoxide production by kupffer cells, contributing to the promotion of HCC. Figure was created with BioRender.com (accessed on 20 July 2021).