Table 2.
Results of the multiple and ordinal logistic regression models for potential determinants of the outcomes of interest.
|
1. Multiple Logistic Regression Model. Outcome: Self-Medication with Antibiotics
Log Likelihood = −549.754; Prob > Chi2 < 0.0001; Obs = 1021; Cox and Snell R-Square = 0.036; Nagelkerke R-Square = 0.053 | |||
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | p |
| Internet use to buy pharmaceutical products | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.95 | 1.36–2.78 | <0.001 |
| Internet use to seek information about antibiotics and/or ABR | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.69 | 1.20–2.38 | 0.002 |
| Age, continuous | 1.05 | 1.00–1.11 | 0.048 |
| Knowledge score about antibiotics and ABR , continuous | 0.91 | 0.81–1.01 | 0.089 |
| Internet use to seek health information | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.90 | 0.83–4.33 | 0.126 |
| Presence of chronic diseases | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.15 | 0.72–1.85 | 0.561 |
| Attending to medical or life sciences majors | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.93 | 0.67–1.28 | 0.659 |
| Gender | |||
| Male * | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.97 | 0.70–1.35 | 0.877 |
| Belief that ABR is a problem that could not be solved through the marketing of new antibiotics | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.02 | 0.75–1.39 | 0.901 |
|
2. Ordinal Regression Model. Outcome: Knowledge about Antibiotics and ABR
Log Likelihood = −1641.989; Prob > Chi2 < 0.0001 ; Obs = 1028; Cox and Snell R-Square = 0.120; Nagelkerke R-Square = 0.125 | |||
| Variables | Coefficient | 95% CI | p |
| Age, continuous | 0.09 | 0.05–0.12 | <0.001 |
| Attending to medical or life sciences majors | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.13 | 0.90–1.37 | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male * | 1.00 | ||
| Female | −0.25 | −0.50–0.01 | 0.043 |
| Presence of chronic diseases | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.08 | −0.28–0.44 | 0.671 |
|
3. Logistic Regression Model. Outcome: Belief that ABR is a Problem that Could not be Solved through the Marketing of New Antibiotics
Log Likelihood = −654.660; Prob > Chi2 < 0.0001 ; Obs = 1051; Cox and Snell R-Square = 0. 700; Nagelkerke R-Square = 0.095 | |||
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | p |
| Knowledge score about antibiotics and ABR, continuous | 1.21 | 1.09–1.33 | <0.001 |
| Attending to medical or life sciences majors | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.02 | 1.52–2.69 | <0.001 |
| Age, continuous | 1.06 | 1.02–1.11 | 0.007 |
| Presence of chronic diseases | |||
| No * | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.74 | 1.14–2.65 | 0.011 |
| Gender | |||
| Male * | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.15 | 0.86–1.53 | 0.342 |
* Reference category. ABR = Antibiotic resistance; Log likelihood = log-likelihood function; Obs = observations; Prob = probability; chi2 = chi-square, OR = Odds Ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; p = p-value.