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. 2021 Sep 14;11(9):2689. doi: 10.3390/ani11092689

Table 2.

Results of ANOVA based on pet ownership.

Outcome Variables Pet Owners Non-Pet Owners f
M SD M SD
1 Psychological Wellbeing 45.35 10.58 43.28 9.81 4.60 *
2 Depression 24.36 9.66 23.54 9.50 0.82
3 Anxiety 22.56 8.79 22.55 8.91 0.00
4 Stress 24.92 9.34 24.51 9.23 0.22
5 Resilience 19.09 3.19 18.87 3.17 0.53
6 Coping self-efficacy 88.93 16.00 83.88 18.74 9.42 **
7 Positive emotions 31.56 7.63 29.43 7.16 9.27 **
8 Negative emotions 24.85 7.95 25.08 6.98 0.10

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005.