Table 2.
Physicochemical properties and proximate composition (on a fw basis) of control and fortified Sicilian and Mediterranean burgers. Data are reported in terms of mean ± standard deviation of n = 10 samples for control and n = 5 samples for each treatment/recipe combination, where each sample was analyzed three times.
| Base Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sicilian burger | Mediterranean burger | |||||||
| pH | 6.11 ± 0.11 a | 5.69 ± 0.15 b* | 5.48 ± 0.13 b* | 5.34 ± 0.27 b* | 6.51 ± 0.30 a* | 6.28 ± 0.23 a* | 6.41 ± 0.07 a* | |
| Color | L* | 77.77 ± 1.92 a | 71.83 ± 1.81 b* | 70.64 ± 0.56 b* | 72.01 ± 1.56 b* | 63.59 ± 2.03 c* | 66.26 ± 1.11 c* | 65.19 ± 1.39 c* |
| a* | 8.12 ± 0.38 a | 9.31 ± 0.80 a* | 9.69 ± 0.46 a | 9.01 ± 0.24 a* | 5.09 ± 0.87 a* | 5.26 ± 0.98 a | 4.89 ± 1.55 a* | |
| b* | 20.14 ± 1.23 a | 19.65 ± 0.98 a* | 18.34 ± 1.27 a* | 18.89 ± 0.69 a* | 8.11 ± 0.75 b* | 7.89 ± 1.12 b* | 9.99 ± 0.48 b* | |
| Cooking loss (%) | 19.78 ± 3.18 a | 6.96 ± 1.56 b | 7.88 ± 1.61 b | 7.51 ± 1.22 b | 8.09 ± 3.11 b | 7.21 ± 2.90 b | 6.52 ± 2.11 b | |
| Protein (%) | 20.27 ± 2.67 a | 15.37 ± 1.10 b | 17.79 ± 1.34 b | 17.35 ± 2.23 b | 15.05 ± 2.30 b | 18.11 ± 1.13 b | 16.90 ± 2.09 b | |
| Lipids (%) | 5.53 ± 0.12 a | 8.07 ± 0.30 b* | 7.74 ± 0.62 b* | 9.08 ± 1.01 b* | 11.28 ± 0.79 c* | 10.25 ± 0.90 c* | 10.53 ± 0.73 c* | |
| Ash (%) | 1.38 ± 0.65 a | 2.50 ± 0.78 a | 2.10 ± 0.36 a | 1.78 ± 0.43 a | 2.01 ± 0.29 a | 1.96 ± 0.32 a | 2.35 ± 0.41 a | |
| Crude fiber (%) | 0.57 ± 0.29 a | 2.29 ± 0.58 b* | 1.97 ± 0.22 b | 2.64 ± 0.52 b* | 1.39 ± 0.31 c* | 1.58 ± 0.41 c | 1.05 ± 0.10 c* | |
| Moisture (%) | 70.20 ± 3.65 a | 65.12 ± 5.45 a | 68.36 ± 2.89 a | 68.09 ± 4.32 a | 66.37 ± 2.96 a | 65.24 ± 3.14 a | 64.97 ± 3.69 a | |
For control and treated burgers: different superscript letters in the same row indicate significantly different values for a given parameter (p < 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant difference [HSD] test); same superscript letters in the same row indicate not significantly different values for a given parameter (p > 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s HSD test). For a given fortification formula: * indicates significantly different values between Sicilian and Mediterranean burgers (p < 0.05 by Student’s t-test).