Table 3.
Levels (mg/100 g product, fw) of individual fatty acids (FAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) of control and fortified Sicilian and Mediterranean burgers. The FAs subject to fortification (EPA + DHA) are reported in bold and italic along with the relative variation (%) from the expected fortification amount. Data are reported in terms of mean ± standard deviation of n = 10 samples for control and n = 5 samples for each treatment/recipe combination, where each sample was analyzed three times.
| FA | Base Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sicilian burger | Mediterranean burger | ||||||
| C14:0 | 16.36 ± 0.24 a | 111.05 ± 1.03 b* | 112.28 ± 1.56 b* | 134.08 ± 1.04 c* | 100.39 ± 1.39 d* | 89.18 ± 0.40 e* | 111.23 ± 1.52 b* |
| C16:0 | 346.33 ± 1.37 a | 1651.25 ± 10.82 b* | 1594.35 ± 17.15 c* | 1949.78 ± 10.73 d* | 2462.80 ± 16.27 e* | 2329.48 ± 18.34 f* | 2270.25 ± 21.26 g* |
| C18:0 | 143.37 ± 1.43 a | 795.64 ± 8.03 b* | 675.73 ± 13.82 c* | 761.87 ± 8.61 d* | 1294.53 ± 11.16 e* | 1282.62 ± 12.32 f* | 1040.74 ± 15.41 g* |
| C20:0 | 1.64 ± 0.00 a | 10.76 ± 0.12 b* | 14.71 ± 0.24 c* | 17.86 ± 0.31 d* | 21.06 ± 0.33 e* | 19.13 ± 0.30 f* | 21.05 ± 0.26 e* |
| SFA | 507.69 ± 2.75 a | 2568.70 ± 23.48 b* | 2397.08 ± 27.78 c* | 2863.59 ± 20.55 d* | 3878.78 ± 20.2 e* | 3720.41 ± 26.06 f* | 3443.27 ± 26.40 g* |
| C16:1 | 60.67 ± 0.74 a | 228.29 ± 1.26 b* | 215.47 ± 2.47 c* | 218.53 ± 3.50 c* | 293.66 ± 3.91 d* | 280.17 ± 3.92 e* | 239.66 ± 3.15 f* |
| C18:1 n-9 | 628.92 ± 1.06 a | 3371.60 ± 30.91 b* | 3248.59 ± 28.08 c* | 3802.70 ± 20.68 d* | 4584.19 ± 29.71 e* | 4109.23 ± 36.45 f* | 4332.78 ± 27.85 g* |
| MUFA | 689.59 ± 2.19 a | 3599.88 ± 27.69 b* | 3464.06 ± 24.52 c* | 4021.23 ± 39.73 d* | 4877.85 ± 31.35 e* | 4389.39 ± 22.54 f* | 4572.43 ± 30.84 g* |
| C18:2 n-6 cis | 194.68 ± 1.84 a | 998.65 ± 11.50 b* | 967.92 ± 22.12 b* | 1146.50 ± 13.03 c | 1601.38 ± 18.20 d* | 1401.18 ± 14.16 e* | 1407.77 ± 7.85 e* |
| C18:3 n-6 | 1.69 ± 0.00 a | 11.29 ± 0.33 b* | 8.26 ± 0.22 c* | 13.62 ± 0.41 d* | 12.41 ± 0.20 e* | 11.62 ± 0.13 b* | 11.58 ± 0.19 b* |
| C18:3 n-3 | 14.41 ± 0.18 a | 61.31 ± 0.66 b* | 74.85 ± 1.87 c* | 77.79 ± 1.14 c* | 113.93 ± 1.98 d* | 103.87 ± 1.69 e* | 109.13 ± 1.64 f* |
| C20:2 n-6 | 5.57 ± 0.05 a | 38.18 ± 0.64 b* | 36.14 ± 1.26 b* | 49.33 ± 1.02 c* | 45.87 ± 0.83 d* | 36.22 ± 0.39 e* | 69.48 ± 1.00 f* |
| C20:4 n-6 | 0.61 ± 0.00 a | 4.57 ± 0.08 b* | 7.23 ± 0.30 c* | 6.96 ± 0.36 c* | 7.14 ± 0.17 c* | 5.81 ± 0.05 d* | 5.76 ± 0.07 d* |
| C20:5 n-3 | 1.02 ± 0.05 a | 41.68 ± 1.03 b* | 43.36 ± 1.30 b* | 53.87 ± 1.72 c* | 32.71 ± 0.29 d* | 30.41 ± 0.36 e* | 32.28 ± 0.33 d* |
| C22:6 n-3 | 0.77 ± 0.03 a | 12.64 ± 0.43 b* | 13.94 ± 0.51 b* | 18.77 ± 0.75 c* | 6.02 ± 0.23 d* | 5.87 ± 0.08 d* | 4.21 ± 0.07 e* |
| EPA + DHA | 1.79 ± 0.04 a | 54.32 ± 2.98 b* | 57.30 ± 3.64 b* | 72.64 ± 1.32 b* | 38.73 ± 0.59 c* | 36.28 ± 1.04 d* | 36.49 ± 0.68 e* |
| Variation from the expected amount | - | −47.47% | −44.50% | −29.15% | −63.06% | −65.51% | −65.3 |
| PUFA | 218.76 ± 2.66 a | 1168.32 ± 13.55 b* | 1151.69 ± 22.69 b* | 1366.84 ± 14.92 c* | 1819.46 ± 18.23 d* | 1594.90 ± 14.46 e* | 1639.70 ± 15.30 e* |
| n-6/n-3 | 12.72 ± 1.37 a | 9.10 ± 0.56 b* | 7.71 ± 0.84 b | 8.08 ± 0.40 b* | 10.91 ± 0.67 c* | 7.81 ± 0.47 b | 10.26 ± 0.69 c* |
For control and treated burgers: different superscript letters in the same row indicate significantly different values for a given parameter (p < 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s HSD test); the same superscript letters in the same row indicate not significantly different values for a given parameter (p > 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s HSD test). For a given fortification formula: * indicates significantly different values between Sicilian and Mediterranean burgers (p < 0.05 by Student’s t-test).