Table 4.
Content of Na, Mg, K Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn (mg/100 g product, fw), Se, As, Cd, and Pb (μg/100 g product, fw) elements revealed in control and Sicilian and Mediterranean chicken burgers. The elements subject to fortification (Mg, Fe and Se) are reported in bold and italic along with the relative variation (%) from the expected fortification amounts. Data are reported in terms of mean ± standard deviation of n = 10 samples for control and of n = 5 samples for each treatment/recipe combination, where each sample was analyzed three times. Limit of detection (LOD) of As = 0.008 µg/100 g.
| Element | Base Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula | Child Formula | Pregnancy Formula | Elderly Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sicilian burger | Mediterranean burger | ||||||
| Na | 1099.23 ± 58.45 a | 1005.58 ± 24.57 b | 1122.91 ± 95.11 a,b | 1100.28 ± 154.6 a,b | 889.70 ± 71.44 c | 950.19 ± 69.72 b,c | 1068.07 ± 83.71 b,c |
| Mg | 32.75 ± 10.91 a | 55.97 ± 4.10 b | 139.31 ± 12.67 c | 143.74 ± 18.61 c | 68.80 ± 8.44 b | 116.86 ± 17.90 c | 107.77 ± 13.71 c |
| Variation from the expected amount | - | −22.61% | +33.20% | 38.73% | +20.16% | +5.13% | −6.30% |
| K | 471.18 ± 62.29 a,b | 415.74 ± 47.92 a | 558.74 ± 75.23 a,b | 643.11 ± 34.07 b | 440.24 ± 83.76 a,b | 551.20 ± 63.49 a,b | 545.09 ± 50.04 a,b |
| Ca | 2.72 ± 0.61 a | 2.59 ± 0.41 a | 2.79 ± 1.07 a | 3.12 ± 0.77 a | 3.43 ± 0.56 a | 2.94 ± 0.36 a | 4.22 ± 1.73 a |
| Fe | 0.17 ± 0.05 a | 2.31 ± 0.34 b | 12.45 ± 1.33 c | 3.87 ± 0.50d | 2.45 ± 0.13 b | 12.64 ± 0.97 c | 3.95 ± 0.17d |
| Variation from the expected amount | - | +7.00% | +11.63% | +5.71% | +13.99% | +13.36% | +7.99% |
| Zn | 0.74 ± 0.08 a | 0.55 ± 0.14 a | 0.63 ± 0.10 a | 0.77 ± 0.08 a | 0.55 ± 0.09 a,b | 0.75 ± 0.23 a | 0.48 ± 0.09 a,b |
| Mn | 0.022 ± 0.004 a* | 0.062 ± 0.005 b* | 0.035 ± 0.010 a | 0.029 ± 0.009 a | 0.033 ± 0.009 b* | 0.038 ± 0.009 b | 0.035 ± 0.012 b |
| Se | 1.40 ± 0.51 a | 9.25 ± 0.60 b | 29.17 ± 4.38 c | 22.73 ± 8.78 c | 11.36 ± 4.15 b | 26.11 ± 5.93 c | 27.53 ± 2.48 c |
| Variation from the expected amount | - | −1.87% | +11.08% | −3.05% | +24.50% | −1.16% | +18.77% |
| As | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
| Cd | 4.82 ± 0.57 a | 4.12 ± 0.66 a | 3.92 ± 0.36 a | 3.88 ± 0.24 a | 3.07 ± 0.73 a | 3.87 ± 0.18 a | 3.25 ± 0.66 a |
| Pb | 3.95 ± 0.18 a | 3.25 ± 0.78 a | 3.38 ± 0.66 a | 3.47 ± 0.52 a | 3.36 ± 0.14 a | 3.82 ± 0.40 a | 3.01 ± 0.39 a |
For control and treated burgers: different superscript letters in the same row indicate significantly different values for a given parameter (p < 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s HSD test); the same superscript letters in the same row indicate not significantly different values for a given parameter (p > 0.05 by post hoc Tukey’s HSD test). For a given fortification formula: * indicates significantly different values between Sicilian and Mediterranean burgers (p < 0.05 by Student’s t-test).