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. 2021 Aug 31;11(9):673. doi: 10.3390/membranes11090673
Abbreviations
DCMD Direct contact membrane distillation
MD Membrane distillation
PP Polypropylene
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
RO Reverse osmosis
SEC Specific energy consumption, kWh/m3
TCM Traditional Chinese medicine
TFM Thin film composite membrane
YPFS Yu-Ping-Feng-San
Symbols
A Area, m2
B Membrane permeability, L/m2·h·MPa for RO and ,kg/m2·s ·kPa for MD
C Concentration indication, Brix
Cp Heat capacity, J/g 
dh Hydraulic diameter, m
δ Membrane thickness, m
E Energy, kWh/m3 for RO process and kJ for evaporation
Fconc Concentration factor
h Thermal convection coefficient, W/m2 K
ΔH Latent heat or Enthalpy, J/g for MD process and kJ/kg for evaporation
J Permeate water flux, L/m2·h for RO process and kg/m2 s for MD process
k Conduction coefficient, W/m K
L Characteristic length, m
M Mass, g
m˙ Mass flowrate, g/s
μ Viscosity, Pa s
Nu Nusselt number
P Pressure, MPa for RO process and  kPa for MD process
ΔP Hydraulic pressure difference, MPa
Δπ Osmotic pressure difference, MPa
Pr Prandtl number
Q Heat transfer rate or heat consumption rate, W
Re Reynold’s number
S Steam flowrate, kg/s
T Temperature,
t Time, s or min
v Flow velocity, m/s
V˙ Volumetric flowrate, m3/h
V Volume, m3
W Power, w
Subscripts
0 Start of the process
experiment Experimental results
f Feed
in Inlet
latent Latent heat
loss Extra water loss
m Membrane
MD Membrane distillation
min Minimum
model Modelling results
out Outlet
p Permeate
pump Pump
s Steam
sat Saturated vapor
thermo Thermodynamic
water Water