Table 8.
Summary of interaction analysis, showing pairs of variables with significant interactions (FDR < 0.2).
| ATC Code | Interacting Factor | Drug Name | Interaction Term | ATC Code | Interacting Factor | Drug Name | Interaction Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A02BC | AGE | Proton pump inhibitors | 1/−1 | A02BC | CAD | Proton pump inhibitors | 1 |
| A03AA | AGE | Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group | −1 | A03AA | CAD | Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group | 1 |
| A10AE | AGE | Insulins and analogues for injection, long-acting | −1 | B01AC | CAD | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | 1 |
| B01AC | AGE | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | −1 | C07AB | CAD | Beta blocking agents, selective | 1 |
| C07AB | AGE | Beta blocking agents, selective | −1 | C10AA | CAD | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| C08CA | AGE | Dihydropyridine derivatives | −1 | J07AL | CAD | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 |
| C09AA | AGE | ACE inhibitors, plain | −1 | C10AA | Dementia | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| C09CA | AGE | Angiotensin II receptor blockers, plain | −1 | J07CA | Dementia | Bacterial and viral vaccines, combined | −1 |
| C10AA | AGE | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | −1 | C08CA | COPD | Dihydropyridine derivatives | −1 |
| G04CB | AGE | Testosterone-5-alpha reductase inhibitors | −1 | J07AP | COPD | Typhoid vaccines | −1 |
| J07AL | AGE | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 | A03AA | Depression | Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group | −1 |
| R03BA | AGE | Glucocorticoids | 1 | C10AA | DM | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| A02BC | AGE > 70 | Proton pump inhibitors | −1 | A02BC | Dx_cancer | Proton pump inhibitors | −1 |
| A10AE | AGE > 70 | Insulins and analogues for injection, long-acting | −1 | J07AL | Dx_cancer | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 |
| A10BA | AGE > 70 | Biguanides | −1 | A10BA | Ethnic (White) | Biguanides | 1 |
| B01AC | AGE > 70 | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | −1 | C08CA | Ethnic (White) | Dihydropyridine derivatives | 1 |
| C07AB | AGE > 70 | Beta blocking agents, selective | −1 | C09AA | Ethnic (White) | ACE inhibitors, plain | 1 |
| C08CA | AGE > 70 | Dihydropyridine derivatives | −1 | C09CA | Ethnic (White) | Angiotensin II receptor blockers, plain | 1 |
| C09AA | AGE > 70 | ACE inhibitors, plain | −1 | H03AA | Ethnic (White) | Thyroid hormones | 1 |
| C10AA | AGE > 70 | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | −1 | J07AL | Ethnic (White) | Pneumococcal vaccines | 1 |
| G04CB | AGE > 70 | Testosterone-5-alpha reductase inhibitors | −1 | J07AP | Ethnic (White) | Typhoid vaccines | 1 |
| J07AL | AGE > 70 | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 | J07BB | Ethnic (White) | Influenza vaccines | 1 |
| J07BB | AGE > 70 | Influenza vaccines | −1 | A02BC | Hypertension | Proton pump inhibitors | −1 |
| R03BA | AGE > 70 | Glucocorticoids | −1 | A03AA | Hypertension | Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group | 1 |
| A10AE | Asthma | Insulins and analogues for injection, long-acting | −1 | B01AC | Hypertension | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | 1 |
| A10BA | Asthma | Biguanides | −1 | C07AB | Hypertension | Beta blocking agents, selective | 1 |
| C08CA | Asthma | Dihydropyridine derivatives | −1 | C08CA | Hypertension | Dihydropyridine derivatives | 1 |
| C09CA | Asthma | Angiotensin II receptor blockers, plain | −1 | C09AA | Hypertension | ACE inhibitors, plain | 1 |
| J07AL | Asthma | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 | C09CA | Hypertension | Angiotensin II receptor blockers, plain | 1 |
| J07BB | Asthma | Influenza vaccines | 1 | C10AA | Hypertension | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| A02BC | BMI | Proton pump inhibitors | 1 | J07AL | Hypertension | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 |
| A03AA | BMI | Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group | −1 | B01AC | Obesity | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | 1 |
| A10BA | BMI | Biguanides | 1 | C10AA | Obesity | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| B01AC | BMI | Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin | 1 | J07AL | Obesity | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 |
| C10AA | BMI | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 | J07BB | Obesity | Influenza vaccines | −1 |
| J07AL | BMI | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 | A02BC | Sex (male) | Proton pump inhibitors | 1 |
| J07AP | BMI | Typhoid vaccines | −1 | C10AA | Sex (male) | HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 1 |
| J07BB | BMI | Influenza vaccines | −1 | J07AL | Sex (male) | Pneumococcal vaccines | −1 |
| J07CA | BMI | Bacterial and viral vaccines, combined | −1 | J07AP | Sex (male) | Typhoid vaccines | 1 |
We added an interaction term drug*interacting factor in the regression model. For “interaction term”, 1 denotes significant interaction effects towards protection (i.e., presence of the interacting factor tends to increase the protective effect of the drug); −1 denotes significant interaction effects towards harmful side (presence of the interacting factor tends to reduce the protective effect of the drug). We consider significant results in any model or time window. For age and BMI, they were modeled as continuous variables unless otherwise specified. For full results, please refer to Tables S12 and S13.