Table 2.
Rate and rhythm control modalities.
| Study | Rhythm Control | Rate Control |
|---|---|---|
| Kelly 2019 [16] | Class III 80.9%, Cardioversion 13.6%, AF ablation 1%, Unspecified 11.4% | Beta blocker 89.4%, CCB 25.3%, Digoxin 17.1% |
| Machino–Ohtsuka 2019 [17] | Class IA 6.5%, Class IC 37.4%, Class III 52.3%, Unspecified 10.3% | Beta blocker 54.5%, CCB 42.6% |
| Slee 2019 [18] | Class IC 3.9%, Class III 78.7%, Unspecified 8.4% | Beta blocker 36.8%, CCB 39.2%, Digoxin 51.9% |
| Zhang 2020 [19] | N/A | Beta blocker 80%, CCB 30%, Digoxin 20% |
| Zhirov 2019 [20] | N/A | N/A |
Abbreviations: AF: atrial fibrillation; AFFIRM: The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management; BiV: biventricular ventricular resynchronization; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DM: diabetes mellitus; EF: ejection fraction; GLS: global longitudinal strain; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; MI: myocardial infarction; N/A: not applicable; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; REP: Rochester Epidemiology Project; TIA: transient ischemic stroke; TRPG: tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient; VTE: venous thromboembolism.