Table 3.
Average concentrations of leached metal ions from orthodontic appliances.
| Metal Ion Release from Orthodontic Appliances | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Ni | Cr | Ti | Mo | Co | Alloy Type | Time | Ref. |
| 310 ± 123.1 ppb | 1292 ± 437.5 ppb | 0 ppb | / | / | 4 ± 5.477 ppb | SS wire + SS brackets + SS band | 90 days | [106] |
| 450 ± 222.8 ppb | 1864 ± 600.2 ppb | 18 ± 34.9 ppb | / | / | 10 ± 7.071 ppb | NiTi wire + SS brackets + SS band | ||
| 614 ± 531.7 ppb | 2466 ± 867.8 ppb | 30 ± 51.9 ppb | / | / | 12 ± 4.47 ppb | Co-NiTi wire + SS brackets + SS band | ||
| 534 ± 558 ppb | 2132 ± 1143 ppb | 20 ± 44.72 ppb | / | / | 12 ± 4.472 ppb | Elgiloy wire + SS brackets + SS band | ||
| 2382 ppb | 573 ppb | 101 ppb | / | / | / | SS wires, SS brackets, SS bands, SS metal ligatures | 30 days | [34] |
| 1107 ppb | 15 ppb | 8 ppb | / | / | / | control | ||
| / | 18.5 ± 13.1 ppb | 2.6 ± 1.6 ppb | / | / | / | SS brackets and bands; SS + NiTi archwires | 16 ± 2 months | [29] |
| / | 11.9 ± 11.4 ppb | 2.2 ± 1.8 ppb | / | / | / | control | ||
| 10.78 ± 17.66 µg | 28.33 ± 29.19 µg | 12.66 ± 4.61 µg | / | 133.33 ± 57.7 µg | / | NiTi archwire + Dentaurum brackets | 28 days | [107] |
| 21.33 ± 8.73 µg | 17.66 ± 11/59 µg | <10 ± 0 µg | / | 110 ± 17.32 µg | / | NiTi archwire + American Ortho brackets | ||
| 14.33 ± 5.33 µg | 76.66 ± 62.52 µg | 16.66 ± 11.54 µg | / | <130 ± 0 µg | / | NiTi archwire + Shinye brackets | ||
| <10 ± 0 µg | 22 ± 7.54 µg | 30 ± 0 µg | / | 120 ± 17.32 µg | / | NiTi archwire + ORJ brackets | ||
| 16 ± 5.29 µg | 37 ± 20.042 µg | 26 ± 6.92 µg | / | 110 ± 17.32 µg | / | SS archwire + Dentaurum brackets | ||
| 11 ± 1.73 µg | 45 ± 31 µg | 26 ± 6.92 µg | / | 0 ± <100 µg | / | SS archwire + American Ortho brackets | ||
| <10 ± 0 µg | 293.2 ± 365.6 µg | 15.33 ± 4.61 µg | / | 0 ± <100 µg | / | SS archwire + Shinye brackets | ||
| <10 ± 0 µg | 44.66 ± 35.50 µg | 15.33 ± 4.61 µg | / | 110 ± 17.32 µg | / | SS archwire + ORJ brackets | ||
| 67.7 ± 9.6 ppb | 10 ± 6.3 ppb | 4.5 ± 0.5 ppb | 2 ± 0.6 ppb | / | / | NiTi New brackets + new archwire | 45 days | [41] |
| 64.3 ± 8 ppb | 15 ± 3.3 ppb | 4 ± 0.7 ppb | 2 ± 0.7 ppb | / | / | NiTi Recycled brackets + new archwire | ||
| 115 ± 11.9 ppb | 20 ± 6.5 ppb | 7.3 ± 0.6 ppb | 3.5 ± 1.3 ppb | / | / | NiTi New brackets + recycled archwire | ||
| 140 ± 9.4 ppb | 20 ± 3.3 ppb | 7.5 ± 0,6 ppb | 4 ± 0.7 ppb | / | / | NiTi Recycled brackets + recycled archwire | ||
| / | 2 ppb | / | / | / | / | NiTi archwire | 28 days | [108] |
| / | / | / | / | / | / | TMO archwire | ||
| 289 ppb | 6 ppb | 11 ppb | / | / | / | SS archwire | ||
| / | 4 ppb | 3 ppb | / | / | / | Cu-NiTi archwire | ||
| / | 67 ± 10.8 ppb | 30.8 ± 4.3 ppb | / | / | / | SS brackets, bands NiTi & SS archwires | 1.5 years | [31] |
| / | 5.02 ± 0.001 ppb | 1.27 ± 0.09 ppb | / | / | / | control | ||
| / | 0.93 ± 0.04 μg | / | / | / | / | NiTi archwires | 21 days | [35] |
| / | 0.66 ± 0.02 μg | / | / | / | / | SS archwires | ||
| / | 0.67 ± 0.02 μg | / | / | / | / | CuNiTi archwires | ||
| / | 0.77 ± 0.05 μg | / | / | / | / | Ion implanted NiTi archwires | ||
| / | 125 ± 22 μg | 112 ± 18 μg | / | / | / | SS ¼ archwire + bands + brackets | 12 days | [40] |
| 96.06 ± 57.4 ppb/day | 41.66 ± 33.99 ppb/day | 33.43 ± 24.05 ppb/day | 0 ± 0 | / | / | SS archwire | 1st day | [38] |
| 25.55 ± 10.00 ppb/day | 10.21 ± 2.68 ppb/day | 3.83 ± 1.93 ppb/day | 0 ± 0 | / | / | 6th day | ||
| 11.08 ± 5.89 ppb/day | 5.28 ± 1.87 ppb/day | 1.43 ± 0.69 ppb/day | 0 ± 0 | / | / | 7th day | ||
| 5.62 ± 1.47 ppb/day | 3.84 ± 0.86 ppb/day | 0.70 ± 0.10 ppb/day | 0 ± 0 | / | / | 14th day | ||
| 38.47 ± 15.67 ppb/day | 11.77 ± 2.84 ppb/day | 10.49 ± 3.90 ppb/day | 0.14 ± 0.04 ppb/day | / | / | NiTi archwire | 1st day | [38] |
| 26.93 ± 5.44 ppb/day | 10.83 ± 3.49 ppb/day | 3.30 ± 0.95 ppb/day | 0.01 ± 0 ppb/day | / | / | 6th day | ||
| 13.07 ± 4.01 ppb/day | 6.13 ± 1.39 ppb/day | 1.76 ± 0.34 ppb/day | 0.01 ± 0.01 ppb/day | / | / | 7th day | ||
| 6.81 ± 1.70 ppb/day | 3.38 ± 1.67 ppb/day | 1.06 ± 0.21 ppb/day | 0.01 ± 0 ppb/day | / | / | 14th day | ||
| 21.18 ± 6,43 ppb/day | 7.12 ± 1.33 ppb/day | 4.39 ± 1.99 ppb/day | 0.12 ± 0.02 ppb/day | / | / | Termo NiTi archwire | 1st day | [38] |
| 19.11 ± 6.28 ppb/day | 7.26 ± 1.10 ppb/day | 2.10 ± 0.84 ppb/day | 0.01 ± 0 ppb/day | / | / | 6th day | ||
| 8.79 ± 3.79 ppb/day | 5.06 ± 1.57 ppb/day | 1.23 ± 0.80 ppb/day | 0.01 ± 0 ppb/day | / | / | 7th day | ||
| 2.50 ± 0.59 ppb/day | 2.33 ± 0.77 ppb/day | 0.40 ± 0.15 ppb/day | 0 ± 0 | / | / | 14th day | ||
| 42.33 ± 27.06 ppb | 0.00 ± 0.00 ppb | 0.36 ± 0.33 ppb | 6.64 ± 2.00 ppb | 0.80 ± 0.27 ppb | 0.00 ± 0.00 ppb | control | 30 days | [25] |
| 520.0 ± 210.1 ppb | 416.9 ± 133.5 ppb | 8.97 ± 6.73 ppb | 9.03 ± 2.08 ppb | 3.11 ± 1.47 ppb | 1.38 ± 1.25 ppb | SS brackets + SS bands | ||
| 49.67 ± 29.29 ppb | 0.00 ± 0.00 ppb | 0.06 ± 0.05 ppb | 5.35 ± 3.96 ppb | 0.11 ± 0.07 ppb | 0.03 ± 0.01 ppb | Ti brackets + Ti bands | ||
| 179.49 ± 99.1 ppb | 5.79 ± 2.07 ppb | 0.91 ± 0.28 ppb | 3.79 ± 3.11 ppb | 0.60 ± 0.21 ppb | 0.00 ± 0.00 ppb | Ni-free brackets + bands | ||