Table 1.
Stem cell-derived exosomes for IVDD therapy referenced in this review.
| Cell Type | Cell Origin | Scope of Study | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) | Human | In vitro and in vivo | [24,137] |
| Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) | Rat | In vitro | [123] |
| Mouse | In vitro | [124] | |
| Human | In vitro | [119,125,127] | |
| Human | In vitro and in vivo | [134,135] | |
| Placental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (PLMSCs) | Human | In vitro and in vivo | [136] |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (iMSCs) | Human | In vitro | [120] |
| Human | In vitro and In vivo | [138] | |
| Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC)-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) | Mouse | In vitro | [121] |
| Chondrocytes | Rabbit | In vitro | [122] |
| Fibroblasts | Human | In vitro and in vivo | [24] |
| Cartilage Endplate Stem Cells (CESCs) | Rat | In vitro and in vivo | [139] |
| Nucleus Pulposus (NP) Cells | Rat | In vitro | [126] |
| Human | In vitro | [127] | |
| Notochordal Cells | Pig | In vitro | [131] |