Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors associated with vaccine hesitancy (Yes vs. No, No as reference).
| Survey Question | Univariate a | Multivariable b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E/N | OR (95% CI) | p | E/N | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| What is your age? | <0.001 c | 0.358 c | ||||
| 18–29 years old | 72/216 | Reference | 60/185 | Reference | ||
| 30–59 years old | 46/215 | 0.547 (0.354, 0.838) | 0.005 | 38/193 | 0.625 (0.251, 1.524) | 0.302 |
| 60+ years old | 7/82 | 0.198 (0.082, 0.417) | <0.001 | 5/75 | 0.371 (0.090, 1.400) | 0.145 |
| Which gender do you identify with? | ||||||
| Female | 76/238 | Reference | 62/206 | Reference | ||
| Male | 48/271 | 0.461 (0.304, 0.694) | <0.001 | 41/247 | 0.963 (0.557, 1.669) | 0.893 |
| What is your marital status? | 0.003 c | 0.227 c | ||||
| Single | 69/230 | Reference | 55/196 | Reference | ||
| Married | 46/261 | 0.501 (0.327, 0.764) | 0.001 | 42/239 | 1.939 (0.861, 4.485) | 0.111 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 7/19 | 1.394 (0.516, 3.536) | 0.498 | 6/18 | 2.794 (0.628, 11.841) | 0.174 |
| What country were you born in? | ||||||
| North Africa/Middle East | 53/275 | Reference | 42/251 | Reference | ||
| North America/Europe | 71/229 | 1.876 (1.249, 2.832) | 0.002 | 61/202 | 0.999 (0.267, 3.390) | 0.998 |
| When did you move to the United States? | <0.001 c | 0.910 c | ||||
| Less than 10 years | 22/76 | Reference | 18/65 | Reference | ||
| 20 years ago or longer | 32/218 | 0.422 (0.228, 0.788) | 0.007 | 25/196 | 0.855 (0.342, 2.168) | 0.740 |
| Born in the United States | 70/218 | 1.150 (0.658, 2.055) | 0.628 | 60/192 | 1.120 (0.325, 4.434) | 0.863 |
| What is your highest level of education? If currently enrolled, please note your highest degree received. | ||||||
| No professional degree | 91/233 | Reference | 73/191 | Reference | ||
| Professional degree | 34/279 | 0.219 (0.139, 0.338) | <0.001 | 30/262 | 0.543 (0.270, 1.073) | 0.079 |
| What kind of health care professional are you? | <0.001 c | 0.049 c | ||||
| Physician/Nursing | 28/250 | Reference | 26/238 | Reference | ||
| Allied profession | 47/93 | 7.975 (4.585, 14.140) | <0.001 | 44/88 | 2.434 (1.117, 5.319) | 0.025 |
| Student | 38/141 | 2.904 (1.703, 5.007) | <0.001 | 33/127 | 1.320 (0.527, 3.366) | 0.554 |
| What is your yearly household income? | ||||||
| Under $150,000 | 90/242 | Reference | 77/213 | Reference | ||
| Over $150,000 | 30/260 | 0.223 (0.139, 0.349) | <0.001 | 26/240 | 0.455 (0.243, 0.838) | 0.011 |
| Have you received an influenza vaccine in the last 5 years? | ||||||
| Yes | 77/443 | Reference | 66/403 | Reference | ||
| No | 42/57 | 12.967 (7.037, 25.044) | <0.001 | 37/50 | 8.896 (4.315, 19.252) | <0.001 |
| I know someone personally who has contracted COVID-19. | ||||||
| Yes | 112/486 | Reference | 94/433 | Reference | ||
| No | 13/27 | 3.099 (1.419, 6.730) | 0.005 | 9/20 | 1.895 (0.580, 5.874) | 0.282 |
| I know someone personally who has died of COVID-19. | ||||||
| No | 64/219 | Reference | 53/196 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 61/293 | 0.638 (0.425, 0.955) | 0.029 | 50/257 | 0.977 (0.556, 1.717) | 0.934 |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; E/N, numbers of events and participants; OR, odds ratio. Bold and italic is used to emphasize statistical significance (p ≤ 0.005). a Univariable logistic regression analysis. b Multivariable logistic regression analysis. c Global p-value obtained by likelihood ratio tests.