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. 2021 Sep 21;22(18):10167. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810167

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels of osteogenic markers in human dental pulp stem cells subjected to mechanical vibration for 14 d. Relative mRNA levels of the indicated markers (osteonectin, osteocalcin, BMP-2, ALP, and Runx-2) were measured using Image J software. The mRNA levels of osteocalcin, BMP-2, ALP, and Runx-2 were increased at 45 Hz and 100 Hz, especially osteonectin and Runx-2, whose mRNA levels were significantly higher at 45 Hz than in the control. Quantitation of the p-ERK, BSP, osteoprotegerin, and osteonectin protein levels. The levels of p-ERK, BSP, osteoprotegerin, and osteonectin were increased at 45 Hz compared with the control.