Table 1.
Biomedical applications of modified chitosan nanomaterials.
| Functionalized/Surface Modified/Encapsulated Chitosan Nanomaterial |
Purpose | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan, soybean lecithin nanoparticles | Oral drug delivery | Intestinal permeation of tamoxifen through the rat intestinal wall | [68] |
| Chitosan nanoparticles | Oral drug delivery | Sunitinib drug delivery | [70] |
| LMW chitosan NP | Oral drug delivery | Solubility and bioavailability of Hydrophobic Bay41-4109 in rats | [72] |
| Chitosan, TPP | Oral delivery of insulin | Decreased glycaemia in diabetic rats after administering insulin-chitosan nanoparticles, in vivo | [71] |
| Chitosan HCl, Poloxamer 188, sodium glycolate, gelatin, soya lecithin |
Oral delivery of Cyclosporin-A | Beagle dogs showed relative bioavailability of Cy-A was significantly increased by chitosan nanoparticles, in vivo. |
[64] |
| Chitosan carboxymethyl chitosan | oral antigen delivery in fish vaccination | Extra cellular products (ECPs) of Vibrio anguillarum | [87] |
| Chitosan LMW, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), fluorenyl-methyloxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC) |
Oral drug delivery | Chitosan nanoparticles released Alendronate sodium faster in 0.1 N HCl compared to PBS | [88] |
| Chitosan LMW, sodium tripolyphos-phate, tris[2-carboxyethyl] phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) |
Oral drug delivery | Enhanced intestinal absorption of catechins | [67] |
| Chitosan, STPP, sodium alginate | Oral drug delivery | Alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles containing enoxaparin for oral controlled release | [89] |
| Chitosan, deoxycholic acid, vitamin B12 |
Oral drug delivery | Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery | [90] |
| Chitosan, Tc-methylene di-phosphonate |
Oral drug delivery | Chitosan nanoparticles/F nanoparticles stable in the stomach and decompose in the intestine |
[91] |
| Chitosan, PLGA, streptozotocin | Oral drug delivery of Tolbutamide | PLGA nanoparticles modified with chitosan to form TOL-CS-PLGA NPs to improve bioavailability and reduce dose frequency | [92] |
| Chitosan LMW, penta sodium tripolyphos-phate | Oral drug release | Gemcitabine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Gem- Chitosan nanoparticles) for oral bio-availability enhancement | [93] |
| Sodium alginate, chitosan, streptozotocin |
Naringenin nanoparticles have better efficacy in lowering blood glucose levels compare to free drug | Alginate coated chitosan core shell nanoparticles for effective oral delivery | [94] |
|
N-carboxymethyl chitosan, chitosan hydrochloride |
Oral drug delivery | EGCG-chitosan/β-Lg NPs to achieve prolonged release during oral administration in gastrointestinal tract | [95] |
| Chitosan, sodium alginate, sodium pyruvate, l-glutamine |
Oral drug delivery | Quercetin-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles high antioxidant property no systemic toxicity | [96] |
| Chitosan nanoparticles -TPP, lactose, Tween 80 | Oral drug delivery | 90% release of RFM from Chitosan nanoparticles within 24 h, in vitro | [75] |
| Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), mannitol, lactose, TPP, l-leucine | Pulmonary delivery | Chitosan nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of itraconazole as a dry powder formulation | [76] |
| N,N,N-tri-methyl chitosan, TPP | Pulmonary drug delivery | Cellular uptake of Bac-TMC3/TPP/siRNA nananoparticles greatly enhanced by clathrin -mediated cellular uptake pathway | [97] |
| Chitosan, lipoid S100, glycol chitosan |
Pulmonary drug delivery | LMWH chitosan and glycol Chitosan nanoparticles for enhancing pulmonary absorption of LMW heparin | [98] |
| Chitosan thioglycolic acid, TPP | Pulmonary drug delivery | Theophylline-thiolated Chitosan nanoparticles enhances theophylline’s capacity to alleviate allergic asthma | [99] |
| Thiolated chitosan | Pulmonary drug delivery | In vitro slow and sustained release of leuprolide from thiolated chitosan about 43% in 2 h | [100] |
| Chitosan, methylated β-cyclodextrin, TPP |
Intranasal administration | Estradiol-chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting | [101] |
| LMW Chitosan, TPP, trehalose | Intranasal immunization | Tetanus toxoid chitosan nanoparticles (TT-CS NPs) as a new long-term nasal vaccine delivery vehicle | [102] |
| Chitosan, 4-CBS, TPP, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide HCl (EDAC) |
mucoadhesive drug delivery | In vitro drug release of DOX loaded 4-CBS-chitosan/PLA nanoparticles showed sustained release up to 26 days | [103] |
| Chitosan (MW = 600 kDa), methane-sulfonic acid, oleoyl chloride, sodium bicarbonate, glycidyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride |
oral administration with enhanced mucoadhesion | In vivo toxicology study was performed in zebrafish embryos | [104] |
| Chitosan, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC. HCl), N-hydroxyl succinimide | mucoadhesive drug delivery | Mucosal adhesion and drug release of cetirizine-chitosan |
[105] |
| Chitosan, lactic acid | mucoadhesive drug delivery | Chitosan-based 5-ALA mucoadhesive film to enhance its retention in oral mucosa | [106] |
| Chitosan Low, polycaprolactone, glycerol nanoparticle | mucoadhesive drug delivery | Mucoadhesive films containing curcumin-loaded nanoparticles to prolong the residence time in the oral cavity and to increase drug absorption through the buccal mucosa | [107] |
| Chitosan, TPP, Carbopol 940, poloxamer 407 | Drug delivery | Propranolol-chitosan nanoparticles of transdermal gels to improve the systemic bioavailability of the drug | [108] |
| Resomer PLGA, ploxamer 188, sorbitan monoaleate, chitosan | flavonoid enriched cytotoxic film | EFF-Cg nanocomposites chitosan film containing PLGA NPs, showed low toxicity | [109] |
| Chitosan, TPP, Triton X-100 | Oral drug delivery of alginate and pectin | Preparation of alginate and pectin chitosan nanoparticles for oral drug delivery | [110] |
| Chitosan MMW, PEG, PVP, trehalose | Insulin release | Chitosan films with insulin loaded PEG-b-PLA nanoparticles with sustained release | [111] |
| Chitosan buccal films of insulin loaded poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-polylactide (PEG-b-PLA) NP |
Insulin release | Excellent mucoadhesive properties and insulin release | [77] |
| Polycaprolactone nanoparticles coated with chitosan | Buccal delivery | Delivery of curcumin | [57,78] |
| EFF-Cg loaded PLGA nanoparticles as chitosan films. | Buccal delivery | The bioavailability of EFF-Cg was improved and no signs of cytotoxicity were seen | [78] |
| Conjugating C2-N position of chitosan with aromatic sulfonamide, 4-carboxybenzenesulfonamide-chitosan (4-CBS-chitosan) |
drug release in small intestine | Mucoadhesive property of chitosan in stomach acidic environment increased | [57] |
| Entrapping ovalbumin (OVA) into Eudragit S 100, trimethylchitosan, PLGA, PEG-PLGA and PEG-PCL | inflamed colon drug delivery | Nanoparticles with trimethyl chitosan have shown the highest permeability of OVA. And high permeability | [84] |
| chitosan-carboxymethyl starch nanoparticles of 5-aminosalicylic acid |
Drug delivery for inflammatory bowel disease | Controlled drug release | [85] |
| Rosmarinic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles |
ocular delivery | The nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity against the retinal pigment epithelium nor the human cornea cell line. | [112] |
| Chitosan coated PCL nanocapsules embedded in hydroethylcellulose gel |
vaginal delivery to treat human papillomavirus infection | Imiquimod formulated chitosan coated PCL nanocapsules embedded in hydroethylcellulose gel | [86] |
| PCL nanocapsules embedded in chitosan hydrogel | vaginal delivery to treat human papillomavirus infection | Imiquimod delivery to vagina | [113] |
| Limonene coated in chitosan | Enhancing antioxidant activity | Limonene-chitosan encapsulation has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 116 ppm | [114] |
| Carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibres PEO and PVA-Ag | Biomedical application | Antibacterial | [115] |
| Carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibres—PVA\PVA\silk fibroin | Biomedical application | Wound dressing | [116] |
| Quaternized chitosan nanofibres-coPLA/DOX/PLA | Biomedical application | Antitumor | [117] |
| Quaternized chitosan nanofibres—PVA/PVP | Biomedical application | Antibacterial | [118,119,120] |
| Quaternized chitosan nanofibres—graphene | Biomedical application | Virus removal | [121] |
| Quaternized chitosan nanofibres—PLA | Biomedical application | Wound dressing | [122] |
| Poly-3-caprolactonegra chitosan nanofibres | Biomedical application | Skin tissue engineering | [123] |
| Chitosan/Albumin Nanoparticles | Drug delivery | Used as a hydrophobic drug nanocarrier in pharmaceutical and medical applications |
[124] |
| Chitosan/Curcumin nanoparticles | Drug delivery | Transdermal delivery | [125] |
| Chitosan/Sodium Nitrate nanoparticle | Drug delivery | Delivery of DOX | [103] |
| Chitosan/HA nanoparticle | Drug encapsulation | Used to encapsulate a chemotherapeutic drug | [126] |
| Chitosan/Paromomycin nanoparticle | Anti leishmaniasis | Treatment of leishmaniasis, especially when the current drugs are impaired by resistance | [127] |
| Chitosan/Lipid Hybrid nanoparticles |
Drug delivery | Controlled delivery of cisplatin | [128] |
| Chitosan/Human serum albumin nanoparticle |
Drug delivery | Nose-to-brain drug delivery | [129] |
| Chitosan/Polylactide nanoparticle | Drug delivery | Delivery of therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer treatment | [130] |
| Chitosan/Cadmium Quantum Dots |
Drug delivery | Drug delivery of Sesamol | [131] |
| Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticles Thin Film | Drug delivery | DOX delivery | [132] |
| Chitosan/PVA nanoparticle | Oral delivery | Sustained release of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil | [133] |
| Chitosan-carbon dot hybrid nanogel |
Anticancer activity | Photothermal therapy-chemo | [134] |
| PEGylated and fluorinated chitosan nanogel | Drug delivery | Targeted drug delivery | [135] |
| Chitosan grafted MPEG-PCL micelles | Drug delivery | Ocular delivery of hydrophobic drug |
[136] |
| Arginine-modified nanostructured lipid carriers | Drug delivery | Anticancer drug delivery | [137] |
| Glycosaminoglycan modified chitosan liposome | Drug delivery | Antimalarial | [138] |
| Gold nanoshell-coated liposomes | Anticancer | Photothermal and chemotherapy |
[139] |
| Glycol chitosan-coated liposomes | Drug delivery | pH-responsive drug-delivery |
[140] |
| Chitosan nanoparticles-doped cellulose films | Antibacterial activity | Inhibition of Escherichia coli | [141] |