Table 3.

Intestinal permeability outcomes and change over time.

Variable	Placebo			Inulin			Interactions
	Baseline	Week 6	Δ-Score	Baseline	Week 6	Δ-Score	p-Values
Small intestine permeability
0–5 h (ratio)	0.0117 ± 0.001	0.0096 ± 0.0013	−0.0021 ± 0.0018	0.0109 ± 0.0014	0.0090 ± 0.0010	−0.0018 ± 0.0011	p = 0.88
6–24 h (ratio)	0.0342 ± 0.0065	0.0266 ± 0.0043	−0.0076 ± 0.0058	0.0323 ± 0.0053	0.0218 ± 0.0032	−0.0105 ± 0.0040	p = 0.68
Gastroduodenal permeability
0–5 h (%)	0.0241 ± 0.0060	0.0289 ± 0.0160	0.0048 ± 0.0170	0.0226 ± 0.0041	0.0326 ± 0.0114	0.0010 ± 0.0010	p = 0.78
0–5 h (ratio)	0.0014 ± 0.0004	0.0017 ± 0.0010	0.0004 ± 0.0010	0.0013 ± 0.0002	0.0013 ± 0.0010	0.0001 ± 0.0010	p = 0.72
Colonic permeability
0–5 h (%)	1.3910 ± 0.2642	1.2620 ± 0.3510	−0.1292 ± 0.5634	1.4440 ± 0.4707	1.0520 ± 0.2723	−0.3920 ± 0.4739	p = 0.72
0–5 h (ratio)	0.0863 ± 0.0208	0.0833 ± 0.0238	−0.0030 ± 0.0333	0.0817 ± 0.0706	0.0490 ± 0.0083	−0.0327 ± 0.0197	p = 0.43
6–24 h (%)	6.4160 ± 0.8898	6.3550 ± 2.718	−0.0608 ± 2.8890	5.4930 ± 1.0450	3.1860 ± 1.2270	−2.3070 ± 0.9152	p = 0.42
6–24 h (ratio)	0.5011 ± 0.0905	0.4764 ± 0.1703	−0.0248 ± 0.2078	0.3616 ± 0.0694	0.2121 ± 0.0910	−0.1496 ± 0.0826	p = 0.55

Values are mean ± SEM. All interactions, derived from 2-way repeated measures ANOVAs, were non-significant (p > 0.05) for small intestinal, gastroduodenal, and colonic permeability in the placebo and inulin groups. Δ calculation = (week 6 excretion ratio—baseline excretion ratio = Δ-score) % excretion: (total excretion/provided dose) ∗ 100 Permeability ratios: Small intestinal—lactulose:mannitol; Gastroduodenal—sucrose:mannitol; Colonic—sucralose:mannitol.