Table 3.
Bioactive SP-derived hydrolysates, peptides, aminoacidic sequence of bioactive peptides, and proteolytic methods used.
| Seaweed | Hydrolysis Method | Peptide Sequence | Bioactivity Reported | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhodophyta | ||||
| Palmaria palmata | Papain, (E:S 20.7), pH 6, 24 h, 60 °C | IRLIIVLMPILMA, NIGK, IR | Renin, DPP IV, PAF-AH inhibition | [65,73,74] |
| Corolase PP (E:S 1), pH 7, 2 h, 50 °C | ILAP, LLAP, MAGVDHI, FITDGNK., NAATIIK, ANAATIIK, SDITRPGGQM, DNIQGITKPA., LITGA., LITGAA., LITGAAQA., LGLSGK., LTLAPK, LTIAPK, ITLAPK ITIAPK, VVPT, QARGAAQA | Antioxidant, DPP IV inhibition | [75,76] | |
| Pyropia columbina | Fungal protease concentrate (E: S 5) pH 4.3, 3 h, 55 // Flavourzyme (E:S 2), pH 7, 4 h, 55 °C | N.A. | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [77] |
| Neopyropia yezoensis | Pepsin (E:S 0.025), 5 h, 45 °C | NMEKGSSSVVSSRM | Anticoagulant | [61] |
| Porphyra dioica | Alcalase + Flavourzyme (E:S 1), pH 7, 4 h, 50 °C | DYYLR, AGFY, YLVA, AFIT, SFLPDLTDQ, MKTPITE, TYIA, LDLW | ACE, DPP IV inhibition | [34] |
| Prolyve 1000, (E:S 1), 2 h, 50 °C | N.A. (higher < 1 kDa peptides proportion) | Antioxidant | [78] | |
| Porphyra sp. | Pepsin (E:S 8), pH 2, 4 h, 37 °C | GGSK, ELS | α-amylase inhibition | [79] |
| Mazzaella japonica | Thermolysin (E:S 1), pH 7, 5 h, 37 °C | YRD, VSEGLD, TIMPHPR, GGPAT, SSNDYPI, SRIYNVKSNG, VDAHY, YGDPDHY, NLGN, DFGVPGHEP | ACE inhibition | [80] |
| Grateulopia lemaneiformis | α-chymotrypsin (E:S 4), pH 8, 2 h, 37 °C | ELWKTF | Antioxidant | [81] |
| Trypsin (E:S 4), pH 8, 8 h, 37 °C | QVEY | ACE inhibition | [82] | |
| Chlorophyta | ||||
| Ulva°C lathrata | Alcalase (E:S 5), pH 7.6, 90 min, 25 °C // 10 min, 100 °C | PAFG | ACE inhibition | [83] |
| Ulva. intestinalis | Trypsin + Pepsin + Papain (E:S 4), pH 8.42, 5 h, 28.5 °C | FGMPLDR, MELVLR | ACE inhibition | [84] |
| Ulva rigida | Pepsin (E:S 1), pH 2, 20 h, 37 °C // Bromelain (E:S 1), pH 7, 20 h, 37 °C | IP, AFL | ACE, Renin inhibition | [53] |
| Ulva lactuca | Papain (E:S 1), pH 6, 24 h, 60 °C | Total of 58 non-allergenic, ACE inhibitory peptides identified | ACE inhibition | [85] |
| Ulva spp | Purazyme + Flavourzyme // Alkaline protease-Protex 6L + Flavourzyme | N.A. | Anti-inflammatory (IL10 expression & TNF-α inhibition) | [52] |
| Ochrophyta | ||||
| Sargassum maclurei | Pepsin (80 U/g S), pH 2, 2 h, 37 °C // Papain (60 U/g S), pH 7, 3 h, 50 °C | RVLSAAFNTR, IMNILEK, GGVQAIR, KAALMEK, GVFDGPCGT, SGVFDGPCGT, QNIGDPR, AYSSGVSFK, RWDISQPY, LVYIVQGR, KPGGSGR, LGLSAKNYGR, KEAWLIEK, REVADDK, ENFFFAGIDK, QEMVDK, EEEEEEQQQ | Antyhypertensive (ACE & ET-1 inhibition) | [86] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Protease S “Amano” (E:S 0.01), pH 8, 18 h, 70 °C | VY, IY, AW, FY, VW, IW, LW | Antihypertensive (ACE inhibition & in vivo) | [87] |
| dW (3:20), 20 min, 93 °C | YH, KY, FY, IY | Antihypertensive (ACE inhibition & in vivo) | [42] | |
| Saccharina longicruris | Trypsin (E:S 0.05), pH 7, 24 h, 30 °C | TITLDVEPSDTIDGVK, ISGLIYEETR, MALSSLPR, ILVLQSNQIR, ISAILPSR, IGNGGELPR, LPDAALNR, EAESSLTGGNGCAK, QVHPDTGISK | Antimicrobial | [88] |
| Saccharina japonica | Alcalase + Papain + Trypsin (E:S n.s.), time n.s., pH 7.5, 55 °C | KY, GKY, STKY, AKY, AKYSY, KKFY, FY, KFKY | ACE inhibition | [89] |
Abbreviations: //, Subsequent procedures; n.s., Not stated; N.A.: Not analyzed; DPP, Dipeptidyl peptidase; PAF-AH, Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase; ACE, Angiotensin 1 converter enzyme; ET-I, Endothelin-1; dW, Deionized Water.