Table 6.

Main findings of ECS/ECT biological mechanisms of action related to the oxidative stress system and mitochondrial bioenergetics.

Kind of Study	Protein/Gene Studied	Population Studied	Main Findings	References
Protein studies	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Decrease in oxidative damage parameters in the rat hippocampus.	[137]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Decrease in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in the rat hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum after ECS.	[138]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Increases in rat hippocampal and cerebellar SOD and GPX activities following ECS.	[139]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Decrease in SOD and GPX activity in rats’ brains after ECS.	[140]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Delayed oxidative damage after ECS in the rat hippocampus and striatum.	[141]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Animal samples	Decrease in mitochondrial respiration and an increase in RNA oxidation in the rat brain tissue after ECS.	[142]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Clinical samples	Reduction in serum total oxidant status values and an increase in total antioxidant status in patients with MDD.	[143]
	Oxidative stress system mediators	Clinical samples	SOD activity decreased after ECT in patients with bipolar disorders and MDD.	[144]

ECS: electroconvulsive seizure; ECT: electroconvulsive therapy; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; MDD: major depressive disorder; SOD: superoxide dismutase.