Table 1.
Anthropometric and routine laboratory parameters of enrolled participants. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (upper-lower quartiles).
| Obese | Control | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects (n) | 100 | 32 | |
| Female (n, %) | 83 (83) | 27 (84) | 0.8 |
| Male (n, %) | 17 (17) | 5 (16) | 0.8 |
| Age (years) | 44.7 ± 12.5 | 41.8 ± 6 | 0.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 42.5 ± 8.1 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 122.3 ± 16.7 | 83.6 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| ACEI/ARB (n, %) | 49 (49) | 0 (0) | |
| CCB (n, %) | 22 (22) | 0 (0) | |
| Statin (n, %) | 14 (14) | 0 (0) | |
| Metformin (n, %) | 12 (12) | 0 (0) | |
| Diuretics (n, %) | 33 (33) | 0 (0) | |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 8.1 (3.5–15.7) | 1.6 (0.6–2.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| OGTT 120 min (mmol/L) | 6.5 ± 1.8 | na | |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 17.6 ± 9.5 | na | |
| HOMA-IR | 3.6 (2.5–5.5) | na | |
| C-peptide (pmol/L) | 1110 (775–1394) | na | |
| Fructoseamine (μmol/L) | 224.5 ± 28.2 | 229 ± 11.7 | 0.4 |
| Haemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.6 (5.2–6.1) | 5 (4.8–5.3) | <0.001 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90 (90–90) | 90 (90–90) | 0.2 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 0.2 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 66.3 ± 17.5 | 68.3 ± 14.5 | 0.6 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 0.7 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.002 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 0.04 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.45 (1.1–1.95) | 1 (0.7–1.4) | <0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein AI (g/L) | 1.48 ± 0.24 | 1.68 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
| Apolipoprotein B (g/L) | 0.87 ± 0.2 | 0.94 ± 0.2 | 0.1 |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (mU/L) | 1.95 (1.48–2.67) | 1.94 (1.26–2.11) | 0.1 |
| AST (U/L) | 20 (17–27) | 18 (16.5–21) | 0.02 |
| GGT (U/L) | 28 (19–43) | 19 (16–28.5) | 0.01 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25 (18–32) | 17 (12.5–23.5) | <0.001 |
| PON1 paraoxonase activity (U/L) | 56.7 (37.3–139.2) | 83 (47.9–167.4) | 0.04 |
| PON1 salt stimulated paraoxonase activity (U/L) |
149.8 (105.1–293.3) | 169.4 (97.3–297.4) | 0.9 |
| PON1 arylesterase activity (U/L) | 124.3 ± 22.1 | 135.3 ± 36.8 | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: ACEI/ARB, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CCB, calcium channel blockers; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; na, not available; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PON1, paraoxonase 1.