Table 2.

Summary of AST emulsions delivery systems, describing the preparation technique, emulsion type, characterization and stability data, and assays (in vitro/in vivo) that were performed for each system.

Preparation Technique	Emulsion Type	Characterization	Storage and Stability Data	Assays (In Vitro, In Vivo)	References
High-pressure homogenization	Oil/water nanoemulsion, glyceryl ester and hydrogenated lecithin as emulsifiers	Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy	Stability maintained for one month of storage	-	[37]
Low-energy emulsion phase inversion method	Oil/water nanoemulsion functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan	Droplet size, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy	Stability without alteration for three months	In vitro: skin permeation studies, Cell viability assays on L929 cells, Cell culture and cytotoxicity assays	[38]
Spontaneous and ultrasonication emulsification methods	Oil/water nanoemulsion	Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy	Interference of storage conditions	In vitro: cytotoxicity (MTT assay), antimicrobial activity and scratch wound healing assay	[39]
Spontaneous and ultrasonication emulsification methods	Oil/water nanoemulsion	Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy	-	In vitro: cytotoxicity (MTT assay), scratch wound-healing assay. In vivo: wound healing in nondiabetic and diabetic mice	[40]
Oil phase dispersed with AST in ethyl butyrate and homogenizing with aqueous phase in a high-speed blender and high-pressure microfluidizer	Oil/water microemulsions	Dynamic light scattering and UV-visible spectrophotometry	-	-	[35]