Table 1.
Selected lncRNAs and their pathogenic role in SSc [6].
| LncRNA | Full Name | Regulation | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGAP2 | ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 2 | Up | Involved in focal adhesion and cell migration | [6,124,125] |
| CTBP1 | C-terminal-binding protein 1 | Up | A C terminal binding protein acting as a transcriptional corepressor Plays a role in epidermal development Disrupts skin homeostasis |
[6,117,126] |
| H19X | MIR503HG, intergenic lncRNA | TGF-β–induced ECM synthesis as well as differentiation and survival of ECM-producing myofibroblasts Regulates DDIT4L gene expression Role in dermal papilla cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway |
[91,108,109] | |
| HIFα-AS1 | HIFα-antisense RNA1 | Up | Enhanced the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, and Bcl-2 in vascular smooth muscles cells | [12] |
| HOTAIR | HOX transcript antisense RNA | Up | Pro-fibrotic activation and myofibroblast transformation of dermal fibroblasts in vitro Induces EZH2-dependent increase in collagen and α-SMA expression in vitro Inhibition of miRNA-34a expression NOTCH pathway activation Role in dermal cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway |
[91,114] |
| ncRNA00201 (HNRPU) | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U | Down | Regulates genes involved in vasculopathy, fibrosis, and autoimmunity | [43] |
| NRIR | Negative regulator of the IFN response | Up | Regulates IFN response | [123] |
| OTUD6B | Ovarian tumor domain-containing 6B | Down | A deubiquitinating enzyme; linked to cell proliferation in B cells following prolonged cytokine stimulation | [119] |
| PlncRNA-1 (also known as CBR3-AS1) | CBR3 Antisense RNA 1 | Promotes growth, proliferation, and differentiation of human hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) | [90] | |
| RP11-766N7.3 | - | Role in dermal cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [91] | |
| SPRIGHTLY | SPRY4 intronic transcript 1, SPRY4-IT1 | Regulation of melanocyte functions by stimulating their proliferation | [88,89] | |
| TSIX | X-inactive specific transcript antisense | Up | Increases stability of type I collagen mRNA | [105] |
| UCA1 | Urothelial Cancer-Associated 1 | Suppression of melanogenesis | [88,89] |