Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the AED-resistant epilepsy patients and the control subjects (1:1 matched age and gender).
| AED-Resistant EP a (n = 33) |
Control (n = 33) |
Comparison | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | t/χ2 | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Lower | Upper | |||||
| Gender (male, %) | 11 (33.3) | 11 (33.3) | 0.00 | - | - | 1.000 |
| Age, years | 41.42 ± 10.22 | 40.10 ± 10.32 | 0.52 | −3.73 | 6.37 | 0.603 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.14 ± 4.30 | 23.90 ± 3.66 | −0.77 | −2.73 | 1.22 | 0.445 |
| CoQ10, ng/mL | 2910.4 ± 1163.7 | (normal range: 360~1590) | ||||
| CPK, IU/L | 125.53 ± 60.39 | (normal range: 30~223) | ||||
| Blood sugar profile | ||||||
| AC glucose, mg/dL | 89.81 ± 16.08 | 88.88 ± 6.73 | 0.31 | −5.14 | 7.01 | 0.760 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 9.46 ± 5.50 | 6.60 ± 3.39 | 2.53 | 0.60 | 5.12 | 0.014 * |
| HOMA-IR | 2.12 ± 1.28 | 1.47 ± 0.80 | 2.47 | 0.13 | 1.18 | 0.016 * |
| HOMA-Beta, % | 143.24 ± 84.14 | 92.54 ± 46.07 | 3.03 | 17.22 | 84.19 | 0.004 * |
| HbA1c, % | 5.25 ± 0.60 | 5.59 ± 0.31 | −2.82 | −0.58 | −0.10 | 0.007 * |
| McAuley Index | 8.28 ± 2.23 | 8.92 ± 1.87 | −1.21 | −1.71 | 0.42 | 0.233 |
| WHOQoL score | ||||||
| Physical domain | 12.94 ± 2.42 | 14.56 ± 1.62 | −3.21 | −2.64 | −0.61 | 0.002 * |
| Psychological domain | 13.52 ± 2.20 | 13.56 ± 1.49 | −0.09 | −0.97 | 0.89 | 0.931 |
| Social domain | 13.91 ± 2.48 | 13.88 ± 1.76 | 0.06 | −1.03 | 1.09 | 0.955 |
| Environment domain | 14.11 ± 2.14 | 14.09 ± 1.69 | 0.06 | −0.92 | 0.98 | 0.955 |
| Integrated QOL | 3.27 ± 0.94 | 3.27 ± 0.57 | 0.00 | −0.39 | 0.39 | 1.000 |
| Integrated Health | 2.94 ± 0.79 | 3.03 ± 0.30 | −0.62 | −0.39 | 0.21 | 0.540 |
| Total scores | 93.73 ± 12.47 | 97.70 ± 8.94 | −1.48 | −9.33 | 1.40 | 0.145 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). Abbreviations: AED, antiepilepsy drug; BMI, body mass index; AC glucose, Glucose Ante Cibum; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HOMA-Beta, Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-cell Function; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin A1c; WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. All the reverse questions of WHOQoL were conversed, and score were adjusted in the range 4 to 20 (Higher scores represent a better condition). a: The inclusion criteria for the AED-resistant EP group met the following criteria: (1) aged >20 years, (2) diagnosis of refractory epilepsy. * p < 0.05.