Table 3.

Demographic characteristics of AED-resistant epilepsy patients subgrouped by HOMA-IR.

	HOMA-IR > 2.4 (n = 9)	HOMA-IR ≤ 2.4 (n = 24)	Comparison
Baseline Characteristics	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	t/χ2	95% CI		p-Value
				Lower	Upper
Gender (male, %)	2 (25.0)	9 (37.5)	0.42			0.519
Age, years	41.56 ± 11.24	41.88 ± 9.50	−0.08	−7.83	7.20	0.933
Seizure frequency, episode/28 days	1.71 ± 1.31	8.58 ± 7.88	−1.87	−14.47	0.72	0.074
BMI, kg/m2	27.04 ± 5.73	21.84 ± 2.79	2.47	0.36	10.04	0.038 *
CoQ10, ng/mL	4387.00 ± 1351.67	2612.12 ± 826.84	3.82	814.62	2735.15	0.001 *
CPK, IU/L	108.33 ± 41.18	129.83 ± 64.30	−0.78	−78.36	35.36	0.445
Blood sugar profile
AC glucose, mg/dL	98.38 ± 27.39	86.96 ± 9.29	1.16	−11.58	34.41	0.283
Insulin, µIU/mL	16.23 ± 6.97	7.20 ± 2.18	3.60	3.18	14.88	0.008 *
HOMA-IR	3.80 ± 1.43	1.56 ± 0.53	4.31	1.03	3.44	0.003 *
HOMA-Beta, %	222.22 ± 130.59	116.91 ± 38.21	2.25	−4.20	214.82	0.057
HbA1c, %	5.57 ± 0.79	5.15 ± 0.50	1.81	−0.06	0.91	0.081
McAuley Index	5.57 ± 0.68	9.07 ± 1.87	−7.62	−4.45	−2.56	<0.001 *
WHOQoL score
Physical domain	11.21 ± 2.26	13.29 ± 2.05	−2.42	−3.83	−0.32	0.022 *
Psychological domain	12.33 ± 1.82	13.67 ± 1.94	−1.71	−2.93	0.26	0.097
Social domain	12.67 ± 2.21	14.07 ± 2.21	−1.55	−3.25	0.44	0.131
Environment domain	13.11 ± 1.94	14.22 ± 1.89	−1.43	−2.70	0.48	0.163
Integrated QOL	3.00 ± 1.20	3.29 ± 0.81	−0.78	−1.05	0.47	0.440
Integrated Health	2.88 ± 1.13	2.96 ± 0.69	−0.25	−0.76	0.60	0.803
Total scores	86.18 ± 10.69	96.25 ± 12.18	−2.08	−19.95	−0.19	0.046 *

Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). Abbreviations: AED, antiepilepsy drug; BMI, body mass index; AC glucose, Glucose Ante Cibum; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HOMA-Beta, Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-cell Function; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin A1c; WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. All the reverse questions of WHOQoL were conversed, and score were adjusted in the range 4 to 20 (Higher scores represent a better condition). * p < 0.05.