Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the population by 25(OH)D status.
| Characteristics | No Insufficiency | Insufficiency | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 76 | n = 27 | ||
| Age (years)—median (IQR) | 44 (33–53.5) | 42 (37–54) | 0.784 |
| Race—n (%) | 0.478 | ||
| White | 11 (15.94) | 2 (8) | |
| Pardo | 27 (39.13) | 13 (52) | |
| Black | 31 (44.93) | 10 (40) | |
| Waist circumference—median (IQR) | 110 (104–116) | 108 (103–114) | 0.363 |
| BMI (kg/m2)-median (IQR) | 37.755 (33.74–41.16) | 36.98 (32.8–39) | 0.802 |
| Obesity Class-n (%) | 0.547 | ||
| Class I | 22 (28.95) | 10 (37.04) | |
| Class II | 29 (38.16) | 11 (40.74) | |
| Class III | 25 (32.89) | 6 (22.22) | |
| Smoking (current)-n (%) | 2 (2.67) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Smoking (past)-n (%) | 14 (19.44) | 5 (18.52) | 1.000 |
| Passive smoking-n (%) | 10 (14.08) | 3 (11.11) | 1.000 |
| Alcohol consumption (current)-n (%) | 23 (31.51) | 10 (37.04) | 0.777 |
| Alcohol consumption (past)-n (%) | 12 (17.39) | 4 (18.18) | 1.000 |
| Use of obesity medication-n (%) | 13 (52.0%) | 4 (57.1%) | 1.000 |
| Physical Activity-n (%) | 19 (26.0%) | 8 (29.6%) | 0.915 |
| Hypertension-n (%) | 41 (54.67) | 18 (66.67) | 0.392 |
| Diabetes-n (%) | 13 (17.11) | 9 (33.33) | 0.135 |
| Biochemistry parameters | |||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL)-median (IQR) | 190.5 (172–216) | 209 (160–227) | 0.429 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)-median (IQR) | 124 (90–166) | 134 (94–173) | 0.534 |
| LDL (mg/dL)-median (IQR) | 122.4 (104.4–141.2) | 126.2 (103–161) | 0.372 |
| HDL (mg/dL)-median (IQR) | 42 (38–48) | 39 (35–48) | 0.380 |
| TSH (mUI/mL)-median (IQR) | 1.99 (1.28–2.98) | 1.67 (1.27–2.51) | 0.424 |
| CRP (mg/L)-median (IQR) | 5.05 (2.87–8.98) | 4.57 (2.26–11) | 0.672 |
| FPG (mg/dL)-median (IQR) | 96 (92–106) | 94 (85–108) | 0.896 |
| HbA1c (%)-median (IQR) | 5.9 (5.5–6.6) | 5.7 (5.4–6.4) | 0.663 |
| Insulin (mUI/mL)-median (IQR) | 14.45 (10.9–20.2) | 16.8 (13.2–22.9) | 0.254 |
| HOMA-IR-median (IQR) | 3.77 (2.77–5.1) | 4.99 (3.49–5.91) | 0.018 |
Data represent no. (%), except for age and BMI, which are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). All: Obesity was classified in class I: BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2; II: BMI = 35.0–39.9 kg/m2; and III: BMI = ≥ 40.0 kg/m2. Physical activity was defined as at least 30 min of activity at least 3 times a week. Continuous variables were compared between obesity class using Kruskal–Wallis test. Diabetes and hypertension were self-reported and diagnosed. Abbreviations: BMI = Body mass index; LDH = Low-density lipoproteins; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TSH = Thyroid-stimulating hormone; CRP = C-reactive protein; FPG = Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c = Glycated hemoglobin; 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D.