Table 3.
Proportion of children with scores within the clinically significant range for behavior and behavioral manifestation of executive functions at 7 years of age 1.
| Outcome | DHA Weighted % (95% CI) n = 259 | Placebo Weighted % (95% CI) n = 284 | Unadjusted Estimate (95% CI) | Un-Adjusted p | Un-Adjusted Interaction p 3 | Adjusted Estimate (95% CI) 2 | Adjusted p | Adjusted Interaction p 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRIEF | ||||||||
| Global Executive Composite ≥65 | 20.62 (16.42, 24.81) | 14.24 (10.80, 17.67) | 1.45 (1.06, 1.98) | 0.02 | 0.24 | 1.48 (1.07, 2.05) | 0.02 | 0.27 |
| Females | 19.51 (13.76, 25.27) | 16.17 (10.98, 21.36) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.40 | 1.25 (0.79, 1.95) | 0.34 | ||
| Males | 21.80 (15.67, 27.94) | 12.38 (7.87, 16.89) | 1.76 (1.11, 2.79) | 0.02 | 1.80 (1.13, 2.85) | 0.01 | ||
| Behavioral Regulation Index ≥65 | 18.12 (14.10, 22.14) | 16.56 (12.83, 20.28) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.50) | 0.57 | 0.99 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.53) | 0.54 | 0.93 |
| Females | 16.88 (11.47, 22.28) | 15.33 (10.12, 20.54) | 1.10 (0.69, 1.75) | 0.68 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.84) | 0.64 | ||
| Males | 19.47 (13.48, 25.45) | 17.73 (12.42, 23.04) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.69) | 0.67 | 1.09 (0.72, 1.67) | 0.68 | ||
| Inhibit scale ≥65 | 17.79 (13.77, 21.81) | 11.92 (8.70, 15.15) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.12) | 0.03 | 0.78 | 1.49 (1.04, 2.13) | 0.03 | 0.68 |
| Females | 14.97 (9.80, 20.15) | 10.54 (6.06, 15.03) | 1.42 (0.82, 2.45) | 0.21 | 1.36 (0.76, 2.44) | 0.30 | ||
| Males | 20.83 (14.63, 27.03) | 13.24 (8.60, 17.88) | 1.57 (0.99, 2.49) | 0.05 | 1.59 (1.00, 2.52) | 0.05 | ||
| Shift scale ≥65 | 13.53 (10.01, 17.05) | 14.41 (10.93, 17.88) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 0.73 | 0.19 | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.83 | 0.39 |
| Females | 10.99 (6.63, 15.34) | 15.01 (10.07, 19.95) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.23) | 0.24 | 0.80 (0.46, 1.40) | 0.44 | ||
| Males | 16.27 (10.68, 21.87) | 13.83 (8.93, 18.74) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.93) | 0.52 | 1.12 (0.68, 1.84) | 0.66 | ||
| Emotional Control scale ≥65 | 17.62 (13.69, 21.55) | 18.93 (15.06, 22.81) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.64 | 0.36 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.28) | 0.69 | 0.35 |
| Females | 15.25 (10.11, 20.40) | 18.99 (13.43, 24.56) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.34 | 0.80 (0.49, 1.28) | 0.35 | ||
| Males | 20.18 (14.18, 26.18) | 18.88 (13.46, 24.29) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.62) | 0.75 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) | 0.72 | ||
| Metacognition Index ≥65 | 19.36 (15.23, 23.49) | 15.01 (11.44, 18.57) | 1.29 (0.94, 1.77) | 0.12 | 0.12 | 1.28 (0.93, 1.76) | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| Females | 17.18 (11.68, 22.67) | 17.12 (11.69, 22.55) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.57) | 0.99 | 1.01 (0.64, 1.58) | 0.98 | ||
| Males | 21.72 (15.51, 27.93) | 12.99 (8.37, 17.61) | 1.67 (1.06, 2.64) | 0.03 | 1.63 (1.03, 2.58) | 0.04 | ||
| Initiate scale ≥65 | 16.29 (12.49, 20.09) | 14.18 (10.62, 17.73) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.62) | 0.43 | 0.39 | 1.14 (0.80, 1.63) | 0.47 | 0.38 |
| Females | 13.72 (8.82, 18.61) | 13.99 (8.92, 19.07) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.63) | 0.94 | 0.96 (0.57, 1.62) | 0.88 | ||
| Males | 19.06 (13.21, 24.91) | 14.35 (9.39, 19.31) | 1.33 (0.84, 2.11) | 0.23 | 1.31 (0.82, 2.11) | 0.26 | ||
| Working Memory scale ≥65 | 18.93 (14.89, 22.98) | 17.23 (13.52, 20.95) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | 0.54 | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58) | 0.36 | 0.01 |
| Female | 11.31 (6.74, 15.89) | 16.69 (11.42, 21.97) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.13) | 0.14 | 0.67 (0.40, 1.12) | 0.13 | ||
| Males | 27.15 (20.44, 33.86) | 17.75 (12.51, 22.99) | 1.53 (1.04, 2.25) | 0.03 | 1.59 (1.08, 2.35) | 0.02 | ||
| Plan/Organize scale ≥65 | 21.13 (16.87, 25.38) | 17.42 (13.71, 21.13) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.62) | 0.19 | 0.03 | 1.20 (0.90, 1.62) | 0.22 | 0.05 |
| Females | 18.81 (13.17, 24.45) | 21.31 (15.54, 27.07) | 0.88 (0.59, 1.32) | 0.55 | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 0.66 | ||
| Males | 23.63 (17.22, 30.04) | 13.69 (9.04, 18.35) | 1.73 (1.12, 2.66) | 0.01 | 1.67 (1.07, 2.59) | 0.02 | ||
| Organization of Materials scale ≥65 | 23.47 (19.08, 27.86) | 17.09 (13.41, 20.78) | 1.37 (1.03, 1.83) | 0.03 | 0.69 | 1.32 (0.98, 1.78) | 0.07 | 0.60 |
| Females | 26.86 (20.55, 33.16) | 20.74 (15.06, 26.42) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.86) | 0.16 | 1.24 (0.86, 1.80) | 0.25 | ||
| Males | 19.83 (13.77, 25.88) | 13.60 (8.89, 18.30) | 1.46 (0.92, 2.31) | 0.11 | 1.45 (0.92, 2.30) | 0.11 | ||
| Monitor scale ≥65 | 17.17 (13.18, 21.16) | 10.16 (7.17, 13.14) | 1.69 (1.16, 2.46) | 0.01 | 0.50 | 1.72 (1.17, 2.51) | 0.01 | 0.52 |
| Females | 15.94 (10.57, 21.31) | 10.73 (6.31, 15.14) | 1.49 (0.87, 2.53) | 0.14 | 1.51 (0.88, 2.60) | 0.13 | ||
| Males | 18.50 (12.56, 24.44) | 9.61 (5.56, 13.66) | 1.93 (1.14, 3.26) | 0.02 | 1.94 (1.14, 3.30) | 0.01 | ||
| Conners 3TM AI-parent | ||||||||
| ADHD t score ≥70 | 31.05 (26.25, 35.85) | 25.55 (21.27, 29.83) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.52) | 0.09 | 0.43 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 0.06 | 0.36 |
| Females | 25.69 (19.41, 31.97) | 23.27 (17.36, 29.18) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.57) | 0.58 | 1.10 (0.76, 1.58) | 0.62 | ||
| Males | 36.84 (29.56, 44.11) | 27.74 (21.56, 33.92) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.78) | 0.06 | 1.37 (1.01, 1.84) | 0.04 | ||
| SDQ | ||||||||
| Total Difficulties score >16 | 14.33 (10.78, 17.88) | 12.02 (8.76, 15.27) | 1.19 (0.83, 1.72) | 0.35 | 0.38 | 1.20 (0.82, 1.74) | 0.35 | 0.42 |
| Females | 10.72 (6.51, 14.93) | 10.80 (6.34, 15.26) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.75) | 0.98 | 0.99 (0.56, 1.77) | 0.98 | ||
| Males | 18.22 (12.45, 24.00) | 13.18 (8.45, 17.91) | 1.38 (0.86, 2.23) | 0.19 | 1.36 (0.83, 2.20) | 0.22 | ||
| Emotional Symptoms score >4 | 13.30 (9.85, 16.75) | 13.33 (9.89, 16.76) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.44) | 0.99 | 0.56 | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 0.89 | 0.64 |
| Females | 16.65 (11.46, 21.84) | 15.49 (10.30, 20.67) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.70) | 0.76 | 1.04 (0.65, 1.68) | 0.87 | ||
| Males | 9.68 (5.22, 14.14) | 11.25 (6.72, 15.78) | 0.86 (0.47, 1.58) | 0.62 | 0.87 (0.46, 1.62) | 0.65 | ||
| Conduct Problems score >3 4 | 15.98 (12.19, 19.78) | 12.02 (8.84, 15.21) | 1.33 (0.93, 1.90) | 0.12 | 0.89 | 1.34 (0.94, 1.91) | 0.11 | 0.84 |
| Females | 11.19 (6.86, 15.51) | 8.58 (4.51, 12.64) | 1.31 (0.71, 2.40) | 0.39 | 1.27 (0.69, 2.35) | 0.44 | ||
| Males | 21.15 (14.85, 27.46) | 15.32 (10.45, 20.20) | 1.38 (0.89, 2.13) | 0.15 | 1.37 (0.89, 2.13) | 0.15 | ||
| Hyperactivity score >6 | 19.80 (15.71, 23.90) | 13.28 (9.93, 16.62) | 1.49 (1.08, 2.07) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.56 (1.12, 2.17) | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| Females | 10.56 (6.13, 14.98) | 13.08 (8.35, 17.82) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.41) | 0.45 | 0.77 (0.44, 1.37) | 0.38 | ||
| Males | 29.78 (22.90, 36.66) | 13.46 (8.75, 18.18) | 2.21 (1.46, 3.36) | <0.01 | 2.27 (1.50, 3.44) | <0.01 | ||
| Peer Problems score >3 | 13.74 (10.16, 17.33) | 10.76 (7.59, 13.93) | 1.28 (0.86, 1.89) | 0.22 | 0.55 | 1.28 (0.86, 1.89) | 0.22 | 0.69 |
| Females | 10.25 (5.86, 14.64) | 9.18 (5.07, 13.29) | 1.12 (0.60, 2.07) | 0.72 | 1.16 (0.63, 2.13) | 0.64 | ||
| Males | 17.51 (11.78, 23.24) | 12.27 (7.49, 17.06) | 1.43 (0.86, 2.37) | 0.17 | 1.36 (0.82, 2.27) | 0.24 | ||
| Prosocial Behavior score <5 | 3.98 (1.87, 6.09) | 4.40 (2.37, 6.43) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.82) | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.97 (0.48, 1.95) | 0.93 | 0.50 |
| Females | 2.86 (0.50, 5.22) | 3.97 (1.13, 6.81) | 0.72 (0.24, 2.15) | 0.56 | 0.73 (0.25, 2.18) | 0.58 | ||
| Males | 5.19 (1.63, 8.76) | 4.81 (1.91, 7.71) | 1.08 (0.43, 2.67) | 0.87 | 1.18 (0.50, 2.79) | 0.71 | ||
| Impact score >1 | 22.64 (18.27, 27.00) | 15.57 (12.02, 19.12) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.96) | 0.02 | 0.34 | 1.44 (1.07, 1.94) | 0.02 | 0.31 |
| Females | 16.71 (11.29, 22.14) | 9.12 (5.02, 13.23) | 1.83 (1.05, 3.20) | 0.03 | 1.84 (1.04, 3.25) | 0.04 | ||
| Males | 29.03 (22.17, 35.90) | 21.74 (16.07, 27.41) | 1.34 (0.94, 1.90) | 0.11 | 1.30 (0.91, 1.85) | 0.15 | ||
1 Data are presented as weighted percentage (95% CI) with the effect estimate (95% CI) being the relative risk (DHA/placebo). Analyses are based on 100 imputed datasets and were performed using log binomial regression accounting for the sampling design and weights. 2 Adjusted for center, parity, infant sex, mother’s secondary education, mother’s further education, and mother’s smoking status. 3 p-value for infant sex by treatment group interaction terms. 4 Analyzed using log Poisson regression as convergence issues were encountered with log binomial regression for some imputed datasets. BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Conners 3TM AI-parent: Conners 3rd Edition Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version IV Index. SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.