Table 1.
List of 10 major crops containing high levels of proanthocyanidins and their reference genomic information. Among major crops with high contents of PAs, the species with currently available genomic databases were selected for this study.
| Species | Proanthocyanidins Content (mg/100 g) |
Reference | Genome Database | Reference | Assembly Size (Mb) |
Coverage (%) |
Contig N50 (Kb) |
Number of Genes Predicted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almond (Prunus dulcis) |
184 | Prior & Gu, 2005 [14] | Prunus dulcis Lauranne Genome v1.0 (http://rosaceae.org/, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Alioto et al., 2020 [31] | 227 | 95 | 103 | 27,969 |
| Apple tree (Malus domestica) |
162 | Hellström et al., 2009 [2] | (iris.angers.inra.fr/gddh13/, accessed on 12 February 2021) | Daccord et al., 2017 [32] | 643 | 100 | 620 | 42,140 |
| Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) |
255 | Prior & Gu, 2005 [14] | V_corymbosum v1.0 (http://gigadb.org/, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Colle et al., 2019 [33] | 1680 | 102 | 15 | 32,140 |
| Cacao bean (Theobroma cacao) |
1460 | Hellström et al., 2009 [2] | Cacao Matina1-6 Genome v2.1 (http://cacaogenomedb.org, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Publication in progress (http://cacaogenomedb.org) | 346 | 80 | 1080 | 27,379 |
| Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) |
1000 | Kan et al., 2016 [34] | Phaseolus vulgaris v2.1 (http://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Schmutz et al., 2014 [35] | 600 | 80 | 1900 | 27,433 |
| Grape (Vitis vinifera) |
3532 | Prior & Gu, 2005 [14] | Vitis vinifera v2.1 (http://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Jaillon et al., 2007 [36] | 487 | 102 | 566 | 26,346 |
| Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) |
186 | Hellström et al., 2009 [2] | (http://peanutgr.fafu.edu.cn/, accessed on 12 February 2021) | Zhuang et al., 2019 [37] | 2538 | 94 | 1509 | 83,709 |
| Soybean (Glycine max) |
300 | Lee et al., 2017 [38] | Glycine max Wm82.a4 (http://www.soybase.org, accessed on 12 February 2021) |
Schmutz et al., 2010 [39] | 1150 | 95 | 1492 | 46,430 |
| Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) |
145 | Prior & Gu, 2005 [14] | (https://datadryad.org/, accessed on 12 February 2021) | Edger et al., 2019 [40] | 813 * | 99 | 79 | 108,087 |
| Tea tree (Camellia sinensis) |
189 | Engelhardt et al., 2003 [12] | (http://tpia.teaplant.org/, accessed on 12 February 2021) | Xia et al., 2019 [41] | 2890 | 95 | 67 | 53,512 |
* This assembly genome size (Fragaria × ananassa) is the haploid genome size.