Figure 1.

Abdominal wall phantom used in the in vitro study. (a) The multi-layer structure of the artificial abdominal wall, representing skin, fat, muscles, fascia, and peritoneum. (b) Artificial abdominal compartment in addition to water- and air-filled balloon to simulate different case scenarios in intra-abdominal hypertension. IAV was increased via the air-filled balloon, which subsequently resulted in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) elevation. (c) The final assembly of the abdominal wall phantom studied by transient radar method (TRM).