Figure 1.

Pathological effects of ethanol and its metabolites. Legend: NADH—reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, ATP—adenosine triphosphate, TCA—tricarboxylic acid cycle, SAM-S—adenosyl methionine, ER—endoplasmic reticulum, NOS—NO synthase, NOX—NADPH oxidase, XOX—xanthine oxidase, GSSG—oxidized glutathione, SREBP—sterol regulatory element binding proteins, PPAR—alpha-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, MDA—malondialdehyde, HER—hydroxyethyl radical, HNE—hydroxynonenal, MAA—acetaldehyde-malondialdehyde adduct, LDL—low-density lipoprotein, SPD—surfactant protein D, DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid, PIP2—phosphatidylinositol diphosphate, FAEE—fatty acid ethyl ester, PEt—phosphatidyl ethanol, EtG—ethyl glucuronide, EtS—ethyl sulfate.