Table 6.

Applications of SMART for testing nanoparticles.

Types	Result in ST Cross	Result in HB Cross	Range of Treated Doses and Remarks	Ref.
Carbon nanotubes	-	nd	64–1000 µg/mL, all doses lack genotoxicity	[110]
Carbon nanotubes	-	-	50–250 µg/mL, lack genotoxicity at 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL and inconclusive at 150 and 250 µg/mL in both ST and HB cross	[111]
Cobalt nanoparticles	-	nd	0.1–10 mM, lack genotoxicity up to 5 mM and inconclusive at 10 mM	[112]
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs)	+	nd	0.24–0.95 mg/mL, lack genotoxicity at 0.24 mg/mL and inconclusive at 0.48 mg/mL but positive at 0.95 mg/mL in ST cross	[105]
Gold nanoparticles	-	-	20–30 µg/mL, all of doses inconclusive in ST cross, whereby all of concentrations lack genotoxicity in HB cross	[113]
Iron oxide nanoparticle (<50 nm)	+	nd	1–10 mM, inconclusive at 2 and 5 mM, positive at 1 and 10 mM	[114]
Iron oxide nanoparticle (<100 nm)	-	nd	1–10 mM, inconclusive at 1 mM and lack genotoxicity 2–10 mM	[114]
Iron nanoparticles	-	nd	0.1–10 mM, all concentrations lack genotoxicity	[115]
Nickel oxide nanoparticles	+	+	1.31–21 mg/mL, all of doses positive in ST cross but lack genotoxicity up to 10.50 mg/mL and positive at 21 mg/mL in HB cross	[108]
Titanium dioxide nanocrystal (A3.4 TiO2 NCs)	+	+	1.5625–12.5 mM, lack genotoxicity up to 6.25 and positive at 12.5 mM in ST cross; moreover, at 12.5 mM lack genotoxicity, 6.25 mM inconclusive, and positive at 1.5625 and 3.125 mM in HB cross	[112]
Titanium dioxide nanocrystal (A6.2 TiO2 NCs)	-	-	1.5625–12.5 mM, lack genotoxicity up to 12.5 and inconclusive at 1.5625 in both ST and HB cross	[112]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	-	nd	0.08–1.60 mg/mL, all concentrations lack genotoxicity	[106]
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	+	-	0.075–1.2 mg/mL, lack genotoxicity up to 0.15 mg/mL and positive at 0.3–1.2 mg/mL in ST cross; however, all of doses lack genotoxicity in HB cross	[116]

nd—not determined, (-)—negative, and (+)—positive.