Table 1.

Warburg effect-mediating molecules and their associated epigenetic alteration, resistance to chemotherapy, and tested anti-glycolytic drugs for CRC.

Genes	Function		Epigenetic Alteration		Therapy Resistance	Anti-Glycolysis Therapy
		Molecule	Expression in CRC	Effect on Glycolysis
KRAS	Oncogenic activator of RAS/MAPK	UNC5B-AS1 [50]	Upregulated	Activating	Anti-EGFR [47,48]	3-BrPA [19], ascorbic acid [18]
c-Myc	Oncogenic Transcription factor	MEG3 [57] GLCC1 [26] miR-181d [58] miR-124 [55]	Downregulated Upregulated Upregulated Downregulated	Inhibitory Activating Activating Inhibitory	N\A	vitamin D [57] Ketamine [59] Dioscin [60]
HIF1A	Hypoxia inducible transcription factor	METTL3 [67] YTHDF1 [67] HIFAL [38]	Upregulated Upregulated Upregulated	Activating Activating Inhibitory	5-FU [66]	Rosmarinic acid [65]
APC	Tumor suppressor controlling beta-catenin	N\A		N\A	N\A	DT-13 [2] Metformin [70]
TP53	Transcription factor and tumor suppresser	N\A		N\A	N\A	DCA [23] FK866 [72]
PKM2	An enzyme of aerobic glycolysis	miR-1 [82] miR-133b [82] miR-124 [83] miR-137 [83] miR-340 [83] miR-206 [84] MEG3 [57] FEZF1-AS1 [85] miR-122 [86]	Downregulated Downregulated Downregulated Downregulated Downregulated Downregulated Downregulated Upregulated Downregulated	Inhibitory Inhibitory Inhibitory Inhibitory Inhibitory Inhibitory Inhibitory Activating Inhibitory	Oxaliplatin [86]	Butyrate [88] vitamin C [79] Oxymatrine [3]
HK2	An enzyme of aerobic glycolysis	miR-143 [92] MEG3 [57] KCNQ1OT1 [37]	Downregulated Downregulated Upregulated	Inhibitory Inhibitory Activating	Oxaliplatin [89] 5-FU [89]	N\A
GLUT1	Glucose transporter	miR-760 [94] miR-143 [95] circDENND4C [94] METTL3 [96]	Downregulated Downregulated Upregulated Upregulated	Inhibitory Inhibitory Activating Activating	5-FU [98]	DT-13 [2] Oridonin [97] Oxymatrine [3] Butyrate [98]