Metabolic and cytotoxic activity of the ArtB subunit on epithelial cells in vitro. (A) Resazurin metabolic assays and (B) crystal violet cytotoxicity assays on CHO cells. Purified ArtB was incubated with cells at 2, 5, or 10 μg per 200 μL well for 4, 24, 48, or 72 h at 37 °C. Results are reported as the percent of vehicle control activity, and toxin groups are compared to media alone at each time point (also reported as the percent of vehicle control activity) using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD. Stars above the bar indicate a significant difference from media alone at that time point (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤0.0001).