Table 3.

Selected CL drug delivery experiments investigating anti-infective agents [16,155].

Drug.	Method Used	Loading Conditions	Results	Ref.
ANTIBACTERIALS
Carbenicillin	Soaking Unmodified Sauflon 85 lenses	500 or 100 mg/ml	In tear film after 2 h (122.5 μg/mL and 28.0 ± 9.4 μg/mL for 500 and 100 mg/mL loading, respectively)	Jain 1983 [156]
Gentamicin		40 mg/mL gentamicin	In tear film after 6 h (1.75 μg/mL)
Chloramphenicol		100 mg/mL chloramphenicol	In tear film after 4 h (4.66 ± 1.25 μg/mL)
Gentamicin	Soaking Unmodified commercial HEMA lenses	5 mg/mL solution overnight	In tear film for up to three days of contact lens wear (1.6 μg/mL)	Busin 1988 [157]
Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin	Soaking Unmodified Etafilcon A lenses	3 mg/mL solution for one hour	Compared to the standard prophylactic regimen (nine drops over two hours before surgery), statistically significantly higher concentrations in aqueous humour when using loaded lenses.	Hehl 1999 [158]
Lomefloxacin	Soaking Unmodified Etafilcon A lenses	3 mg/mL solution for one-hour vibration	Concentration observed compared to hourly eye-drop instillation: Cornea: (213.96 ± 60.87 μg/mL vs. 31.48 ± 13.12 μg/mL) Aqueous humour: (26.6 ± 4.81 μg/mL vs. 4.69 ± 2.18 μg/mL).	Machetta 2014 [159]
Ciprofloxacin Moxifloxacin	Soaking Unmodified commercial hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lenses	3 mg /mL ciprofloxacin (pH 4.0) or 1 mg/mL moxifloxacin solution for 24 h	For hydrogel lenses, release max.: Ciprofloxacin (109 ± 5 μg/lens) Moxifloxacin (226 ± 2 μg/lens) For silicone hydrogels: Ciprofloxacin (63 ± 6 μg/lens) Moxifloxacin (36 ± 1 μg/lens).	Karlgard 2003 [160] Hui 2008 [161] Bajgrowicz 2015 [162]
Moxifloxacin Gatifloxacin	Soaking Modified anionic pHEMA-based lenses	5 mg/mL moxifloxacin or 3 mg/mL gatifloxacin commercial solutions with autoclaving	In vitro: peak drug release at 1 h: Gatifloxacin (1187.4 μg/lens) Moxifloxacin (1310.7 μg/lens) In vivo: drug concentration in the cornea, aqueous humour and crystalline lens were consistently higher than three instillations of antibiotic eye drops over 45 min.	Kakisu 2013 [74]
Ciprofloxacin	Soaking Molecularly imprinted acrylic acid pHEMA TRIS–based lenses	In vitro/in vivo: 3 mg/mL pH 4.0 ciprofloxacin-HCl solution for 24 h after autoclaving	In vitro: release of ciprofloxacin for up to 14 days. In vivo: significant reduction in the number of bacteria with modified lenses compared to unmodified lenses or no treatment.	Hui 2012 [163] Hui 2014 [96]
Polymyxin B	Soaking Molecularly imprinted acrylic acid pHEMA–based materials	4 mg/mL polymyxin B solution for three days	In vitro: sustained release of polymyxin B for more than two weeks.	Malakooti 2015 [95]
Levofloxacin	Up to 10 layers of levofloxacin-laden liposomes (Prepared in 100 mg/mL solutions) Liposome surface ethacrylat on hioxifilcon B face	In vitro: drug release into 3 mL of 150 mmol/L NaCl solution monitored byfluorescence	In vitro: layers of liposomes: two (8 ± 3 μg/mL) five (24 ± 1 μg/mL) ten (40 ± 10 μg/mL) Release up to 120 h.	Danion 2007 [163]
Ciprofloxacin	Drug-loaded PLGA film between two layers of pHEMA	1:1 ratio of ciprofloxacin to PLGA, solvent casted, between two layers of pHEMA	In vitro: more than four weeks of zero-order release kinetics (134 μg/day).	Ciolino 2009 [112]
ANTIVIRALS
Modified heparan sulfate binding peptide G2-C	Soaking Unmodified commercial Ocufilcon D lenses	10 mg/mL G2-C solution for five days at 37 °C	In vitro: release observed over eight days. In vivo: treatment of mouse corneas, after three days significant reduction of viruses.	Jaishankar 2016 [164]
ANTIFUNGALS
Natamycin	Soaking Unmodified commercial hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lenses	2.6 mg/mL solution prepared using DMSO for 24 h	199.4 ± 29.9 μg/lens	Phan 2013 [165]
Natamycin Fluconazole	Unmodified commercial hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lenses	1 mg/mL solutions of each drug	Limited yeast growth over 48 h.	Phan 2016 [166]
Econazole	PLGA film between two layers of pHEMA	200 mg of econazole incorporated into 100 mg of PLGA and ethyl acetate, formed into three different surface area sizes	Effective econazole fungicidal concentrations for upward of 21 days.	Ciolino 2011 [113]
Fluconazole	Soaking Vitamin E (various amounts) deposited on commercial silicone hydrogel lenses	0.7 mg/mL fluconazole solution prepared using PBS	Addition of 17% Vitamin E Fluconazole release (60 mg in 10 h) Addition of 66% of Vitamin E Fluconazole release (60 mg in 227 h)	Peng 2010 [153]

DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide, PBS: phosphate-buffered saline, pHEMA: poly-2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate, PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), TRIS: tris(trimethyl siloxy) silyl-propyl methacrylate.