Table 1.

An overview of nanoparticles used for seed priming, their physico-chemical properties, and the main effects on some species of seeds when evaluated against biotic and abiotic stress [7].

Type of Nanomaterials	Size of Nanomaterials	Concentrations of Nanomterials	Seed Species	Results	References
Chitosan nanoparticles containing zinc	387.7 ± 4 nm	0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16% w/v	Maize seeds (Zea mays L.)	Improved seed and seedling vigor and biotic resistance	[38]
Chitosan nanoparticles containing copper	374.3 ± 8.2 nm	0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16% w/v	Maize seeds (Zea mays L.)	Improved seed and seedling vigor	[39]
Chitosan loaded with gibberellic acid	450 ± 10 nm	0.05, 0.005, and 0.0005 mg/mL	Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)	Improved seed vigor and plant morphology with increased biomass	[40]
Lignin nanoparticles loaded with gibberellic acid	200–250 nm	0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/mL	Arugula (Eruca visicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ciliegino), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)	Improved seed and seedlings vigor	[41]
Cobalt and molybdenum oxide nanoparticles	60–80 nm	1 L/40 kg of seeds	Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L). Merr.)	Improved seed vigor and plant morphology with increased biomass	[42]
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes	13–14 nm	70, 80, and 90 µg/mL	Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	Improved seed vigor and plant morphology	[43]
Silver nanoparticles	141.3 ± 0.78 nm	31.3 µg/mL	Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai)	Improved seed vigor and plant morphology	[44]
Iron nanoparticles	~80 nm	25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 µg/mL	Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	Improved seed vigor and plant morphology	[45]
Zinc nanoparticles	21.3 nm	20, 40, and 60 mg/L.	Lupin (Lupinis termis L.).	Increased salinity resistance and biochemical activity	[46]
Zinc nanoparticles	20 nm	1, 10, 100, 1000, and 5000 mg/L	Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)	Increased biomass	[47]
Copper nanoparticles	25, 40, and 80 nm	1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L	Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)	Increased seed vigor and biomass	[48]
Iron (II) sulfide aqua nanoparticles	6–20 nm	30 µg/mL	Rice (Oryza sativa L.)	Improved seed vigor and disease resistance	[49]
Manganese (III) oxide nanoparticles	50 nm	0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL	Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum L.)	Increased salinity resistance and antioxidant enzymes	[50]
Chitosan/tripoly phosphate nanoparticles	259.4 ± 4.7 nm	1–100 µg/mL	Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	Improved plant morphologyand upregulation of plant growth regulator	[51]
Silicon nanoparticles	90 nm	300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/L	Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	Increased biomass and biochemical activity, reduced cadmium uptake	[52]
Silver nanoparticles	6–26 nm	10 and 20 mg/mL	Rice seeds (Oriza sativa L. cv. KDML 105)	Upregulation of aquaporin gene expression, improved seed and seedlings vigor	[35]
Iron oxide nanoparticles	<50 nm	10, 50, 100, and 500 mg/L	Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)	Increased biochemical activity and biomass, improved water content in leaves	[53]
Iron nanoparticles	19–30 nm	20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/L	Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakay varieties).	Improved plant morphology, reduced phytotoxicity	[54]
Zinc, titanium, and silver	ZnO, TiO2, A g 35–40, 100, 85 nm, resp.	750, 1000, and 1250 mg/kg	Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)	Improved seed vigor, increased disease resistance	[55]