Table 3.
Therapy or drug
|
Indication
|
Mechanism of action
|
Approval status
|
Janssen COVID-19 vaccine | Prevention of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for individuals 18 yr of age and older | Recombinant, humanadenovirus type 26 vector which expresses the SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen after entering human cells thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 | Emergency use authorization (EUA) on February 27, 2021[70]. Pause placed on vaccine use on April 13, 2021[71]. FDA lifted vaccination pause on April 23, 2021[72] |
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine[73-75] | Prevention of COVID-19 for individuals 16 yr of age and older | modRNA forumated in lipid particles when delivered to host cells express SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen, thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 | EUA on December 11, 2020 |
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine[76-78] | Prevention of COVID-19 for individuals 18 yr of age and older | modRNA forumated in lipid particles when delivered to host cells express SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen, thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 | EUA on December 18, 2020 |
Lumasiran[79] | Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 | HAO1-directed small interfering ribonucleic acid | Approved in Nov 2020 |
Viltolarsen[80] | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Antisense oligonucleotide directed to exon 53 skipping | Approved in August 2020 |
Brexucabtagene autoleucel[81] | Relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma | Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells | Approved in July 2020 |
Golodirsen[82] | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Antisense oligonucleotide directed | Approved in December 2019 |
Givosiran[83] | Acute hepatic porphyria | Double-stranded small interfering RNA that degrades the ALAS1 mRNA in hepatocytes via RNA interference | Approved in November 2019 |
Onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi[84] | Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) | AAV9-based gene therapy which encodes the human SMN protein | Approved in May 2019 |
Inotersen[85] | Polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis | Transthyretin-directed antisense oligonucleotide | Approved in October 2018 |
Axicabtagene ciloleucel[86] | Relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy | Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells | Approved in October 2017 |
Tisagenlecleucel[87] | Refractory or relapsed B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells | Approved in August 2017 |
Nusinersen[88] | SMA | Survival motor neuron-2 (SMN2)-directed antisense oligonucleotide | Approved in December 2016 |
Eteplirsen[89] | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Antisense oligonucleotid that binds to exon 51 of dystrophin pre-mRNA | Approved in September 2016 |
Talimogene laherparepvec[90] | Genetically modified herpes simplex virus, type 1 used as oncolytic viral therapy | They utilized the local treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, and nodal lesions in patients with melanoma who had the recurrence after the initial surgery | Approved in October 2015 |
Giroctocogene fitelparvovec[91] | Moderately severe to severe hemophilia A | Factor VIII gene delivery using recombinant adeno-associated viruses as vectors | Investigational in phase 3 trial |
Inclisiran[92] | Heterozygous and possibly homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia | Small-interfering ribonucleic acid which decreases hepatic production of PCSK9 | Investigational phase 3 trial |
Volanesorsen[93] | Familial chylomicronemia syndrome | Antisense oligonucleotide that targets the messenger RNA for apo-CIII | Conditional approval by European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) but not by FDA |
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing[94] | Sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia | CRISPR-Cas9based allele editing of the BCL11A erythroid-specific enhancer in autologous CD34+ cells | Investigational- FDA Fast Track Designation for CTX001 in sickle cell disease |
AAV: Adeno-associated virus; ALAS1: Aminolevulinate synthase 1; BCL11A: B cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A; HAO1: Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1; modRNA: Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA; SMN: Survival motor neuron 1; FDA: Food and Drug Administration.