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editorial
. 2021 Sep 20;11(5):231–242. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i5.231

Table 3.

Gene based therapies: List of Food and Drug Administration approved therapies and investigational therapies showing promise

Therapy or drug
Indication
Mechanism of action
Approval status
Janssen COVID-19 vaccine Prevention of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for individuals 18 yr of age and older Recombinant, humanadenovirus type 26 vector which expresses the SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen after entering human cells thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 Emergency use authorization (EUA) on February 27, 2021[70]. Pause placed on vaccine use on April 13, 2021[71]. FDA lifted vaccination pause on April 23, 2021[72]
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine[73-75] Prevention of COVID-19 for individuals 16 yr of age and older modRNA forumated in lipid particles when delivered to host cells express SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen, thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 EUA on December 11, 2020
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine[76-78] Prevention of COVID-19 for individuals 18 yr of age and older modRNA forumated in lipid particles when delivered to host cells express SARS-CoV-2 “S” antigen, thus eliciting immune response against COVID-19 EUA on December 18, 2020
Lumasiran[79] Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 HAO1-directed small interfering ribonucleic acid Approved in Nov 2020
Viltolarsen[80] Duchenne muscular dystrophy Antisense oligonucleotide directed to exon 53 skipping Approved in August 2020
Brexucabtagene autoleucel[81] Relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells Approved in July 2020
Golodirsen[82] Duchenne muscular dystrophy Antisense oligonucleotide directed Approved in December 2019
Givosiran[83] Acute hepatic porphyria Double-stranded small interfering RNA that degrades the ALAS1 mRNA in hepatocytes via RNA interference Approved in November 2019
Onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi[84] Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) AAV9-based gene therapy which encodes the human SMN protein Approved in May 2019
Inotersen[85] Polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis Transthyretin-directed antisense oligonucleotide Approved in October 2018
Axicabtagene ciloleucel[86] Relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells Approved in October 2017
Tisagenlecleucel[87] Refractory or relapsed B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Genetically modified autologous CD19 T cells directed against CD19 expressing cancer cells Approved in August 2017
Nusinersen[88] SMA Survival motor neuron-2 (SMN2)-directed antisense oligonucleotide Approved in December 2016
Eteplirsen[89] Duchenne muscular dystrophy Antisense oligonucleotid that binds to exon 51 of dystrophin pre-mRNA Approved in September 2016
Talimogene laherparepvec[90] Genetically modified herpes simplex virus, type 1 used as oncolytic viral therapy They utilized the local treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, and nodal lesions in patients with melanoma who had the recurrence after the initial surgery Approved in October 2015
Giroctocogene fitelparvovec[91] Moderately severe to severe hemophilia A Factor VIII gene delivery using recombinant adeno-associated viruses as vectors Investigational in phase 3 trial
Inclisiran[92] Heterozygous and possibly homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia Small-interfering ribonucleic acid which decreases hepatic production of PCSK9 Investigational phase 3 trial
Volanesorsen[93] Familial chylomicronemia syndrome Antisense oligonucleotide that targets the messenger RNA for apo-CIII Conditional approval by European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) but not by FDA
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing[94] Sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia CRISPR-Cas9based allele editing of the BCL11A erythroid-specific enhancer in autologous CD34+ cells Investigational- FDA Fast Track Designation for CTX001 in sickle cell disease

AAV: Adeno-associated virus; ALAS1: Aminolevulinate synthase 1; BCL11A: B cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A; HAO1: Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1; modRNA: Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA; SMN: Survival motor neuron 1; FDA: Food and Drug Administration.