Figure 1.

Long-term climatic data are the basis of insect pest prediction models together with insect data obtained by proper monitoring [40]. The decision support systems (DSSs), which bridge the gap between prediction models and extension services, have the task of technically supporting farmers in olive orchard management. In order to abandon scheduled treatments and then to avoid the risk of carrying out unnecessary chemical uses, farmers need a good scenario of the current status of the pest and its potential future trend. As a consequence of a conscious olive orchard management, positive outcomes on the environmental impact and global heating can be recorded (e.g., less air pollution) [49,54,55,96].