Figure 2.

The tritrophic interaction of Dasienura oleae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), its parasitoids and the olive tree could be hypothetically altered by global heating. Under increasing temperature (atmosphere and soil), the olive tree starts suffering, and the production of secondary metabolites and other plant defensive traits (e.g., the phenomena of “talking tree” (host–host) and “crying for help” (host–parasitoids)) may be affected [2]. This may cause a disequilibrium of the tritrophic interaction and the consequent occurrence of pest outbreaks [2,100].