Table 5.
Mycotoxin exposure and liver cancer risk estimations in the average household population consumers of cereals and nuts in north-central Nigeria.
| Food | Population | Average Probable Daily Intake (ng/kg bw/day or µg/kg bw/day) a |
Margin of Exposure b | Liver Cancer Risk for AFB1 (Cancer/Year/ 100,000 Population) c |
Margin of Exposure d | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 e | AFtot e | BEAU e | CIT e | ƩFB e, g | MON e | AFB1 e | AFtot e | BEAU e | CIT e | MON e | |||
| Peanut | Children | 4883 | 6661 | 0.003 | - f | - f | - f | 0.035 | 0.026 | 247 | 30,000 | - f | - f |
| Adolescents | 1953 | 2664 | 0.001 | - f | - f | - f | 0.087 | 0.064 | 99 | 90,000 | - f | - f | |
| Adults | 803 | 1096 | 0.001 | - f | - f | - f | 0.21 | 0.16 | 41 | 90,000 | - f | - f | |
| Maize | Children | 655 | 844 | 0.05 | 15.4 | 19.7 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 33 | 1800 | 0.013 | 417 |
| Adolescents | 262 | 337 | 0.02 | 6.18 | 7.88 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 13 | 4500 | 0.03 | 1053 | |
| Adults | 108 | 139 | 0.009 | 2.54 | 3.24 | 0.08 | 1.58 | 1.23 | 6 | 10,000 | 0.08 | 2500 | |
| Rice | Children | 194 | 414 | 0.003 | 0.53 | 1.34 | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 10 | 30,000 | 0.4 | 4000 |
| Adolescents | 77.6 | 166 | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 2.19 | 1.03 | 4 | 90,000 | 1 | 1000 | |
| Adults | 31.9 | 68.1 | 0.0004 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.008 | 5.33 | 2.50 | 2 | 225,000 | 3 | 25,000 | |
| Sorghum | Children | 56.8 | 67.7 | 0.003 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 2.99 | 2.51 | 3 | 30,000 | 0.4 | 1111 |
| Adolescents | 22.7 | 27.1 | 0.001 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 7.48 | 6.28 | 1 | 90,000 | 1 | 2857 | |
| Adults | 9.35 | 11.1 | 0.001 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 18.2 | 15.3 | 1 | 90,000 | 2 | 6667 | |
a Average probable daily intake (APDI; ng/kg bw/day for aflatoxins and µg/kg bw/day for other mycotoxins) was estimated for the average population in north-central Nigeria according to EFSA [63] and JECFA [64] by multiplying mean mycotoxin concentration in food (ng/g) by average food consumption (g/person/d) data (groundnut: 52 [65]; maize: 65.9, rice: 44.1 and sorghum: 29.3 (based on consumption data in NBS/World Bank [66] LSMS—Panel (Wave 3), and Claro et al. [67] Adult Equivalent Conversion Factor based on WHO Recommended Dietary Allowances according to age and gender)); then, the product is divided by the average body weight of the population (assumed to be 10 kg for children and 25 kg for adolescents [68,69,70]; estimated as 60.8 kg for adults from questionnaire data in this study). b Margin of exposure estimation was determined according to EFSA [71] and JECFA [72] by dividing the benchmark-dose lower limit (BMDL10) value of 170 ng/kg bw/day established by the CONTAM Panel for AFB1 [63] with the APDI for AFB1 or total aflatoxins. c Primary liver cancer risk for AFB1 was estimated as new cancer cases/year/100,000 population (rounded to nearest whole number) by multiplying the AFB1 APDI by the average HCC potency (0.0506 based on 13.6% hepatitis B virus infection prevalence in Nigeria, [61]). d Margin of exposure (rounded to the nearest decimal or whole number) was estimated by dividing the reference point by the APDI. Reference point: beauvericin, at the lowest dose of 90 μg/kg bw per day [73]; moniliformin, BMDL05 of 200 μg/kg bw per day [74]; citrinin, a level of no concern for nephrotoxicity of 0.2 μg/kg bw per day [36]. e Mycotoxins: AFB1 (aflatoxin B1), AFtot (sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2), BEAU (beauvericin), CIT (citrinin), ƩFB (summation of fumonisins B1, B2, B3 and B4), MON (moniliformin). f APDI and MOE not estimated because all samples or just 4% (n = 2) samples contained mycotoxin. g Health based guidance value for fumonisin [75]: a group tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 μg/kg bw per day for sum of FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4.