Table 1.

Aspects of known cyanotoxins with neurological implications.

Toxin	Mechanism of Action	Poisoning Examples	Detection Methods	References
Saxitoxins	Inhibition of voltage gated sodium channels	h, d	LC-FD, ELISA, LC-MS	[149,150,151,152,153,154]
Microcystins	Inhibition of protein phosphatases	h, c, f, b, d	ELISA, EIA, LC-PDA, LC-MS	[76,155,156,157,158,159,160]
Anatoxin-a	Acetylcholine mimic	d, b	ELISA, LC-PDA, LC-MS, EIA	[43,158,161,162,163,164,165]
Guanitoxin	Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor	b, d	EIA, LC-MS	[12,16,42,144]
BMAA	Protein misincorporation, inhibition of protein phosphatase	h, do	LC-FD, LC-MS	[61,62,79,137,166]
Cylindrospermopsins	Protein synthesis inhibitor	h, c	ELISA, EIA, LC-PDA, LC-MS	[10,23,87,125,167,168,169]

h, human; b, birds; d, dogs; c, cattle; f, fish; do, dolphins; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EIA, enzyme inhibition assay; LC-FD, liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection; LC-PDA, liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection; LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.